Utility Communications

Utility Communications Market Outlook

The global utility communications market is projected to reach a size of approximately USD 32 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This robust growth can be attributed to an increasing demand for reliable and efficient communication systems within utility sectors, driven by the modernization of infrastructure and the transition towards smart grid technologies. The expanding Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem and the growing adoption of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) also significantly contribute to the market’s expansion. Furthermore, regulatory incentives and government initiatives aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability are propelling the market forward. The integration of communication technologies into utility operations is becoming imperative for real-time data exchange, operational efficiency, and enhanced customer service.

Growth Factor of the Market

The utility communications market is experiencing significant growth driven by several key factors. Firstly, the ongoing digital transformation in utility management enhances operational efficiency and improves service delivery, thereby creating a need for robust communication systems. The rise of smart grids, which rely on real-time data communication between utilities and consumers, has created an imperative for advanced communication technologies that facilitate the monitoring and control of energy distribution networks. Additionally, the increasing penetration of IoT devices in utilities for better management of resources is driving demand for reliable communication protocols that can support vast networks of connected devices. Furthermore, increased investment in renewable energy sources necessitates enhanced communication infrastructures to manage distributed energy resources effectively. Lastly, changing consumer expectations for real-time insights into utility services are pushing companies to adopt advanced communication mechanisms that allow for proactive service management.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The global utility communications market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.5% between 2025 and 2035.
• The increasing demand for smart grid technologies is a primary growth driver.
• Wireless communication technology is anticipated to dominate the market due to its flexibility and scalability.
• Smart metering applications are projected to hold a significant share of the market.
• North America is expected to lead the market, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific, due to high investment levels in utility infrastructure.

By Communication Technology

Wired Communication :

Wired communication technology remains a fundamental aspect of utility communications, primarily due to its reliability and speed. This technology encompasses various mediums, such as copper cables, coaxial cables, and Ethernet networks, which are widely employed in utility infrastructure for data transmission. The stability offered by wired communications ensures minimal latency and improved security for sensitive utility data. Additionally, the need for high-speed connections in applications like substation automation and grid management makes wired communication technology indispensable. Although the initial setup costs for wired networks may be higher than wireless counterparts, their long-term benefits, including lower maintenance costs and reduced electromagnetic interference, continue to favor their usage in critical utility applications.

Wireless Communication :

Wireless communication technology has become increasingly prevalent in the utility communications market, mainly due to its flexibility and ease of deployment. This technology facilitates the seamless transmission of data without the need for extensive cabling, making it an attractive option for utility companies looking to minimize infrastructure costs. Wireless communication can support a wide range of applications, including smart metering and real-time monitoring of utility networks. With advancements in wireless protocols such as 4G LTE and 5G, utility providers are now able to transmit larger volumes of data more efficiently. The growing adoption of IoT devices and sensors further fuels the demand for wireless communication, enabling utilities to collect and analyze data in real-time to enhance service delivery and operational efficiency.

Power Line Communication :

Power Line Communication (PLC) leverages existing power lines for data transmission, offering a unique solution for utility communications. This technology allows for communication signals to be transmitted over electrical wiring, eliminating the need for additional infrastructure. PLC is particularly beneficial for smart metering applications, as it enables utilities to gather consumption data directly from the end-users without the need for separate communication lines. Its ability to operate in challenging environments, such as urban areas with congested communication networks, enhances its appeal. Additionally, PLC technology is often used in conjunction with other communication methods, creating a hybrid approach that maximizes reliability and efficiency in utility operations.

Fiber Optic Communication :

Fiber optic communication has emerged as a superior technology for utility communications due to its high-speed data transmission capabilities and resistance to electromagnetic interference. This technology utilizes light signals to transmit data over long distances with minimal loss, making it ideal for applications requiring large bandwidth, such as real-time monitoring and data analytics in smart grids. With the increasing demand for high-speed connectivity in utility networks, fiber optic communication is being rapidly deployed. Furthermore, fiber optics support a multitude of applications, enabling utilities to integrate advanced technologies for enhanced operational efficiency. Despite the higher initial costs associated with fiber optic installation, the long-term benefits in terms of performance and reliability make it a preferred choice among utility providers.

Radio Frequency Communication :

Radio Frequency Communication (RFC) is an essential segment within the utility communications market, particularly for its role in wireless data transmission over varying distances. This technology facilitates communication between smart meters, sensors, and utility management systems, ensuring efficient data exchange. RFC is highly advantageous for remote monitoring applications, allowing utilities to maintain connectivity with devices located in hard-to-reach areas. The use of radio frequencies enables utilities to implement flexible and scalable communication solutions that can adapt to changing operational needs. As advancements in RFC technology continue to emerge, its application in utility communications is anticipated to grow, providing utilities with reliable and efficient methods of managing their operations.

By Utility Type

Electricity :

Electricity utilities represent a dominant segment in the utility communications market, driven by the increasing demand for reliable and efficient electricity supply. The need for advanced communication technologies is critical in managing electricity distribution networks, particularly as utilities transition towards smart grids. Communication systems are vital for monitoring voltage, current, and power quality, ensuring effective management of electricity flow and enhancing grid reliability. The integration of smart meters and advanced metering infrastructure enables utilities to collect real-time data, improving operational efficiency and service delivery. Additionally, the push towards renewable energy sources requires enhanced communication capabilities to manage distributed energy resources effectively, further solidifying the importance of communication technologies in electricity utilities.

Water :

The water utility segment is increasingly embracing advanced communication technologies to improve operational efficiency and service delivery. With growing concerns over water scarcity and the need for sustainable resource management, water utilities are adopting smart metering systems that rely on efficient communication to provide real-time data on water consumption. Communication technologies facilitate the monitoring of water distribution systems, enabling utilities to detect leaks promptly and manage resources effectively. Furthermore, as urban populations rise, the demand for reliable water supply increases, prompting utilities to invest in advanced communication solutions that ensure efficient management of water resources. This segment is projected to see substantial growth as utilities recognize the importance of communication in optimizing operations.

Gas :

The gas utility sector is also witnessing a significant transformation through the adoption of advanced communication technologies. As gas utilities strive to enhance safety and reliability, effective communication systems play a crucial role in monitoring pipeline integrity and managing gas distribution networks. Communication technologies enable real-time data transmission, allowing utilities to respond promptly to any operational issues or emergencies. Additionally, the integration of smart metering solutions allows for better tracking of gas consumption and improved customer relations. With increasing regulatory focus on safety and environmental standards, the demand for robust communication infrastructures in the gas utility sector is anticipated to rise, contributing to the overall growth of the utility communications market.

Others :

The "Others" segment encompasses various utility types such as district heating, waste management, and telecommunications, which are increasingly recognizing the need for advanced communication systems. As these sectors evolve, the integration of communication technologies is essential for optimizing operations and enhancing service delivery. For instance, district heating utilities leverage communication systems to manage thermal energy distribution effectively, while waste management services utilize technology to monitor and optimize collection routes. The growing importance of sustainability and efficiency across all utility types is driving investment in communication solutions that empower service providers to manage resources more effectively. This diverse segment is expected to grow as utilities across various sectors adopt advanced communication technologies.

By Application

Grid Management :

Grid management is a critical application within the utility communications market, as it involves monitoring and controlling electricity distribution networks to ensure reliability and efficiency. Advanced communication technologies enable utilities to collect real-time data on grid performance, facilitating rapid decision-making during peak loads or outages. Sophisticated grid management systems rely on robust communication infrastructures to transmit data from substations, smart meters, and distributed energy resources. The increasing integration of renewable energy sources into the grid requires enhanced communication capabilities to manage fluctuations in supply and demand effectively. As utilities strive to optimize grid operations and enhance resilience against disruptions, the demand for advanced communication solutions in grid management is expected to grow significantly.

Smart Metering :

Smart metering has emerged as one of the most significant applications of utility communications, offering utilities and consumers enhanced visibility into energy consumption patterns. Smart meters rely on advanced communication technologies to transmit usage data in real-time, enabling utilities to manage resources efficiently and improve customer engagement. This application is pivotal in the transition towards smart grids, as it empowers consumers to monitor their energy usage, leading to informed decision-making and energy conservation. The growing emphasis on sustainability and energy efficiency is driving the adoption of smart metering solutions across various utility sectors. As utilities continue to invest in advanced metering infrastructure, the smart metering application is expected to witness substantial growth.

Substation Automation :

Substation automation is a key application within the utility communications market, focused on the use of advanced communication technologies to enhance the automation and control of substations. By integrating communication systems into substation operations, utilities can monitor equipment performance, manage power flows, and respond quickly to potential issues. The implementation of substation automation solutions improves operational efficiency, reduces downtime, and enhances grid reliability. As utilities transition towards smarter infrastructures, effective communication becomes crucial for managing the complexity associated with modern power systems. The increasing adoption of substation automation technologies is expected to drive demand for communication solutions that support these applications.

Others :

The "Others" application segment includes various utility communications applications such as demand response, outage management, and asset management. These applications leverage advanced communication technologies to optimize operations and enhance service delivery. Demand response programs utilize real-time data to engage consumers in energy conservation efforts, while outage management systems rely on effective communication to promptly identify and address service interruptions. Asset management solutions enable utilities to monitor the health of their infrastructure, facilitating proactive maintenance and reducing operational costs. As the utility sector evolves, the importance of communication solutions across diverse applications is expected to grow, contributing to the overall expansion of the utility communications market.

By User

Residential :

The residential user segment is rapidly adopting utility communications technologies, driven by increased awareness of energy consumption and the growing demand for residential smart solutions. Homeowners are increasingly opting for smart meters that provide real-time data on electricity, water, and gas usage, enabling them to make informed decisions about their energy consumption. This awareness is also fostering a demand for energy-efficient appliances and smart home technologies that facilitate better resource management. Utility companies are recognizing the importance of engaging residential users through effective communication strategies, enhancing customer relations, and promoting energy-saving initiatives. As the trend toward residential smart solutions continues to gain momentum, the utility communications market is expected to see significant growth in this segment.

Commercial :

The commercial user segment is a significant driver of the utility communications market, characterized by businesses seeking to optimize their energy consumption and operational efficiency. With rising energy costs and increasing regulatory pressures, commercial entities are adopting advanced metering solutions and communication technologies that provide detailed insights into resource usage. By leveraging these technologies, businesses can implement demand response strategies and energy management practices that lead to substantial cost savings. Additionally, effective communication between utility providers and commercial customers enhances service delivery, enabling businesses to make more informed decisions regarding their energy consumption. As commercial entities continue to invest in smart solutions, the demand for utility communication technologies is set to grow.

Industrial :

The industrial user segment is increasingly recognizing the value of utility communications technologies in managing energy consumption and ensuring operational reliability. Industries require robust communication infrastructures to support real-time monitoring of energy usage and equipment performance, which is vital for optimizing production processes. The integration of smart meters and advanced communication systems enables industries to collect and analyze data, leading to improved energy efficiency and reduced operational costs. Additionally, as industries increasingly adopt automation and IoT technologies, the need for reliable communication solutions becomes critical. This segment is poised for substantial growth as industries seek to enhance their competitiveness through improved energy management and operational efficiency.

Municipal :

The municipal user segment plays a crucial role in the utility communications market, as local governments and municipalities strive to enhance public services and resource management. Municipalities are increasingly adopting smart utility solutions that promote sustainability and improve service delivery for residents. Effective communication systems are essential for managing water distribution, energy supply, and waste management, allowing municipalities to monitor infrastructure health and respond quickly to issues. Additionally, the integration of smart city initiatives requires advanced communication technologies to connect various utility services and promote efficient resource usage. As the push for smart city solutions continues to grow, the demand for utility communication technologies within the municipal segment is expected to rise significantly.

By Region

The regional analysis of the utility communications market highlights significant variances in growth potential and adoption of technologies. North America is expected to lead the market, driven by substantial investments in smart grid infrastructure and regulatory support for energy efficiency initiatives. This region is projected to account for over 35% of the global market share by 2035, reflecting a strong CAGR of 11.2% during the forecast period. The presence of advanced communication technologies and a growing emphasis on sustainability are also contributing to North America's dominance in the market. In Europe, the push towards renewable energy sources and smart cities is driving the adoption of utility communication systems, with the region expected to hold a significant share, accounting for around 30% of the global market by 2035.

In the Asia Pacific region, the utility communications market is experiencing rapid growth, fueled by increasing urbanization and the need for modern infrastructure to support burgeoning populations. The region is projected to see a CAGR of 12% from 2025 to 2035, as countries like China and India invest heavily in upgrading their utility networks and implementing smart technologies. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also emerging markets in the utility communications landscape, with governments recognizing the necessity of enhancing utility services and promoting energy efficiency. While these regions currently hold smaller market shares, their potential for growth is significant as investments in utility infrastructure expand.

Opportunities

The utility communications market is ripe with opportunities, particularly as utilities increasingly recognize the need for advanced communication solutions to enhance operational efficiency and customer engagement. One of the most significant opportunities lies in the transition towards smart grid technologies, which necessitates the adoption of robust communication infrastructures to facilitate real-time data exchange between utilities and consumers. As utilities modernize their infrastructures, there will be a growing demand for communication technologies that can support the integration of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. This transition presents an excellent opportunity for technology providers to innovate and offer solutions that address the unique challenges faced by utilities in optimizing resource management and improving service reliability.

Furthermore, the growing focus on sustainability and energy efficiency is opening new avenues for growth within the utility communications market. Utilities are increasingly adopting demand-side management programs and energy conservation initiatives that require effective communication systems to engage consumers and track their energy usage. As consumers become more conscious of their energy consumption patterns, the demand for smart metering and energy management solutions will continue to rise. Additionally, the emergence of smart city initiatives presents opportunities for utility communications providers to collaborate with municipalities in creating integrated solutions that address urban challenges, such as resource management and sustainability. Companies that can leverage these trends are well-positioned to capture significant market share as the industry evolves.

Threats

Despite the opportunities available in the utility communications market, several threats could hinder growth in the coming years. One of the most significant threats is the potential for cybersecurity vulnerabilities, as the increasing digitization of utility operations exposes critical infrastructure to cyberattacks. As utilities adopt advanced communication technologies and IoT devices, they become more susceptible to breaches that could disrupt services and compromise sensitive data. The costs associated with addressing security threats and implementing robust cybersecurity measures can strain utility budgets and divert resources from advancing communication capabilities. As a result, utilities must prioritize cybersecurity in their communication strategies to safeguard their operations.

Another potential restrainer for the utility communications market involves regulatory challenges and compliance issues. As utilities navigate an evolving regulatory landscape aimed at promoting sustainability and energy efficiency, they may face difficulties in adapting their communication systems to meet compliance standards. Regulatory frameworks can vary significantly across regions and may impose additional costs and operational constraints on utility providers. This complexity can hinder the adoption of advanced communication technologies and slow the implementation of critical infrastructure upgrades. To mitigate these challenges, utility companies must stay informed about regulatory changes and proactively invest in adaptable communication solutions that can comply with evolving standards.

Competitor Outlook

• Siemens AG
• General Electric (GE)
• Schneider Electric
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Verizon Communications Inc.
• IBM Corporation
• Oracle Corporation
• AT&T Inc.
• Infosys Limited
• Hexagon AB
• Eaton Corporation
• ABB Ltd.
• Cisco Systems, Inc.
• NEC Corporation
• Tektronix, Inc.

The competitive landscape of the utility communications market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging enterprises, all vying for market share in this rapidly evolving sector. Major companies such as Siemens AG and General Electric are at the forefront, leveraging their extensive expertise in industrial automation and communication technologies to offer comprehensive solutions for utility providers. These companies not only provide communication infrastructure but also offer integrated solutions that include software platforms for data analytics and grid management. Their established reputation and wide-ranging capabilities make them formidable competitors in the market, especially as utilities increasingly seek to modernize their operations.

In addition to these industry giants, companies like Schneider Electric and Honeywell International are also significant players, focusing on energy management and efficiency solutions. These companies are actively investing in R&D to develop innovative communication technologies tailored for utility applications. Their emphasis on sustainability and operational efficiency aligns with the growing demands of utility providers, allowing them to carve out a niche in the market. Furthermore, utilizing partnerships and collaborations with local utility companies enhances their market position by facilitating the deployment of cutting-edge communication solutions that address specific regional needs.

As the utility communications market evolves, the competitive landscape is expected to witness increased participation from tech-driven companies specializing in IoT and smart technologies. Firms like IBM and Oracle are making strides in this space by offering cloud-based platforms and data analytics solutions that empower utilities to harness the power of real-time data for decision-making. The convergence of IT and operational technologies is reshaping the competitive dynamics, with many companies focusing on delivering integrated solutions that meet the multifaceted needs of utility providers. This trend is likely to intensify competition and stimulate innovation as companies strive to differentiate themselves in the market.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 ABB Ltd.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 AT&T Inc.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Hexagon AB
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Siemens AG
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 IBM Corporation
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Infosys Limited
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 NEC Corporation
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Tektronix, Inc.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Eaton Corporation
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Oracle Corporation
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Schneider Electric
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Cisco Systems, Inc.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 General Electric (GE)
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Verizon Communications Inc.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Honeywell International Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Utility Communications Market, By User
    • 6.1.1 Residential
    • 6.1.2 Commercial
    • 6.1.3 Industrial
    • 6.1.4 Municipal
  • 6.2 Utility Communications Market, By Application
    • 6.2.1 Grid Management
    • 6.2.2 Smart Metering
    • 6.2.3 Substation Automation
    • 6.2.4 Others
  • 6.3 Utility Communications Market, By Utility Type
    • 6.3.1 Electricity
    • 6.3.2 Water
    • 6.3.3 Gas
    • 6.3.4 Others
  • 6.4 Utility Communications Market, By Communication Technology
    • 6.4.1 Wired Communication
    • 6.4.2 Wireless Communication
    • 6.4.3 Power Line Communication
    • 6.4.4 Fiber Optic Communication
    • 6.4.5 Radio Frequency Communication

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Utility Communications Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Utility Communications market is categorized based on

By Communication Technology

• Wired Communication
• Wireless Communication
• Power Line Communication
• Fiber Optic Communication
• Radio Frequency Communication

By Utility Type

• Electricity
• Water
• Gas
• Others

By Application

• Grid Management
• Smart Metering
• Substation Automation
• Others

By User

• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial
• Municipal

By Region

• Asia Pacific
• North America
• Latin America
• Europe
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Siemens AG
• General Electric (GE)
• Schneider Electric
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Verizon Communications Inc.
• IBM Corporation
• Oracle Corporation
• AT&T Inc.
• Infosys Limited
• Hexagon AB
• Eaton Corporation
• ABB Ltd.
• Cisco Systems, Inc.
• NEC Corporation
• Tektronix, Inc.