Plasmapheresis Device Sales
Plasmapheresis Device Market Segments - by Product Type (Continuous Flow Plasmapheresis Devices, Intermittent Flow Plasmapheresis Devices, Centrifugal Plasmapheresis Devices, Membrane Filtration Plasmapheresis Devices, and Others), Application (Therapeutic Plasmapheresis, Donor Plasmapheresis, Photopheresis, Immunoadsorption, and Others), End-User (Hospitals, Clinics, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Blood Donation Centers, and Others), Technology (Centrifugation, Membrane Separation, and Others), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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Plasmapheresis Device Sales Market Outlook
The global plasmapheresis device market is anticipated to reach approximately USD 1.7 billion by 2035, demonstrating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 8.5% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases such as autoimmune disorders, renal diseases, and neurological disorders, which necessitate therapeutic plasmapheresis. Additionally, the rising demand for blood and plasma products, alongside technological advancements in plasmapheresis devices, is significantly contributing to market growth. The growing awareness of plasmapheresis as a viable treatment option among healthcare providers and patients is further expected to bolster market expansion. Furthermore, increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure, especially in emerging economies, are anticipated to create lucrative opportunities for market participants.
Growth Factor of the Market
The plasmapheresis device market is experiencing robust growth due to several influential factors. Firstly, there is a notable rise in the incidence of chronic diseases that require ongoing medical interventions, such as multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and various autoimmune diseases. This has led to a higher demand for effective treatment options, including therapeutic plasmapheresis. Furthermore, advancements in technology have resulted in the development of innovative plasmapheresis devices that offer enhanced efficiency, safety, and patient comfort. The growing focus on improving healthcare outcomes and reducing the burden on healthcare systems is encouraging healthcare facilities to invest in modern plasmapheresis technologies. Additionally, the expanding popularity of outpatient and ambulatory surgical centers is facilitating convenient access to plasmapheresis treatments, contributing to market growth. Lastly, the increasing recognition of the therapeutic benefits of plasmapheresis is prompting more patients to opt for this treatment, thereby fueling demand in the market.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The plasmapheresis device market is projected to reach USD 1.7 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 8.5%.
- Therapeutic plasmapheresis remains the leading application segment driving market growth.
- Continuous flow plasmapheresis devices are anticipated to dominate the product type segment.
- North America holds the largest market share, primarily due to advanced healthcare infrastructure and high prevalence of chronic diseases.
- The market is characterized by ongoing technological innovations and a rising number of blood donation centers.
By Product Type
Continuous Flow Plasmapheresis Devices:
Continuous flow plasmapheresis devices are widely utilized in clinical settings due to their efficiency in separating plasma from blood continuously while maintaining a steady flow. These devices employ a centrifugal separation method, allowing for the rapid processing of larger blood volumes. The continuous operation reduces the time patients spend undergoing treatment, making it a preferred choice among healthcare providers. Additionally, these devices can be used for both therapeutic and donor plasmapheresis, enhancing their versatility. The increasing adoption of continuous flow devices in hospitals and clinics is expected to significantly contribute to the growth of this product segment.
Intermittent Flow Plasmapheresis Devices:
Intermittent flow plasmapheresis devices are designed to process blood in cycles, allowing for the separation of plasma during specific intervals. This method tends to be less efficient than continuous flow devices; however, it offers unique advantages, such as lower operational costs and ease of use. Intermittent flow devices are particularly popular in outpatient settings and smaller clinics where the volume of plasma processed may not be as high. The segment is anticipated to witness steady growth owing to the demand for affordable treatment options in less intensive care environments, thereby expanding access to plasmapheresis treatments.
Centrifugal Plasmapheresis Devices:
Centrifugal plasmapheresis devices utilize centrifugal forces to separate plasma from whole blood, making them highly effective for various applications. These devices are commonly found in both therapeutic and donor plasmapheresis procedures due to their reliability and efficiency. With ongoing advancements in technology, manufacturers are focusing on enhancing the performance and user-friendliness of centrifugal devices, which further drives their adoption. As healthcare facilities increasingly prioritize efficiency and patient outcomes, centrifugal plasmapheresis devices are expected to maintain their relevance and continue to grow within the market.
Membrane Filtration Plasmapheresis Devices:
Membrane filtration plasmapheresis devices utilize a semi-permeable membrane to selectively separate plasma from blood. This technology offers advantages such as reduced cell loss and enhanced plasma quality, making it a compelling option for therapeutic applications. The ability of membrane filtration devices to provide high-quality plasma and their adaptability to different clinical scenarios is fueling their growing popularity. As healthcare providers strive to improve patient care standards, the demand for membrane filtration devices is expected to increase, propelling this segment's growth in the plasmapheresis device market.
Others:
The 'Others' segment includes various specialized and emerging plasmapheresis technologies that do not fall under the primary categories. This segment may encompass innovative approaches or devices that have recently entered the market. Companies are constantly researching and developing novel technologies to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of plasmapheresis procedures. While this segment currently holds a smaller market share, the potential for breakthrough innovations and specialized devices indicates potential growth opportunities in the coming years.
By Application
Therapeutic Plasmapheresis:
Therapeutic plasmapheresis is a significant application of plasmapheresis devices, primarily used to treat patients with various autoimmune and hematological disorders. This procedure involves the removal of harmful antibodies or plasma components from the bloodstream, helping to alleviate symptoms and improve patient outcomes. The growing prevalence of autoimmune diseases and the increasing recognition of plasmapheresis as a valuable treatment option contribute to the strong demand for this application. As healthcare providers continue to adopt evidence-based practices, therapeutic plasmapheresis is expected to remain a key driver of market growth.
Donor Plasmapheresis:
Donor plasmapheresis focuses on collecting plasma from healthy individuals for use in transfusions and production of plasma-derived products. The increasing demand for blood and plasma products, particularly for patients undergoing surgeries or those with clotting disorders, is promoting the growth of this application segment. Blood donation centers and hospitals are integrating plasmapheresis devices to optimize plasma collection processes, ensuring a reliable supply for therapeutic use. As awareness of the importance of blood donations continues to grow, the donor plasmapheresis segment is projected to expand, driving the overall market forward.
Photopheresis:
Photopheresis is a specialized application of plasmapheresis that combines the separation of plasma with ultraviolet light treatment to target certain medical conditions, such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. This innovative approach enhances the therapeutic effects by activating specific immune responses while removing harmful cells. The increasing adoption of photopheresis as a treatment option for specific cancers is likely to drive the growth of this application segment. As research continues to validate the efficacy of photopheresis, it is essential for manufacturers to focus on developing advanced devices that ensure safety and efficiency in delivering this treatment.
Immunoadsorption:
Immunoadsorption is another significant application of plasmapheresis, which involves the selective removal of pathological antibodies from the plasma. This method is particularly useful in treating conditions such as autoimmune diseases and certain neurological disorders. The growing understanding of the role of specific antibodies in disease progression is fueling interest in immunoadsorption therapies. As more healthcare providers recognize the benefits of targeted antibody removal, the demand for immunoadsorption applications in plasmapheresis devices is expected to increase, thereby positively impacting the market.
Others:
The 'Others' category encompasses various niche applications of plasmapheresis that may include specialized treatments tailored for specific medical conditions. As research and innovation in the field continue to evolve, new applications may emerge, contributing to the growth of this segment. Although currently a smaller portion of the market, the potential for future developments and the ability to address unmet medical needs indicate a promising outlook for this segment in the plasmapheresis device market.
By User
Hospitals:
Hospitals represent a significant user segment in the plasmapheresis device market, as they typically provide a wide range of medical services, including advanced treatment options for patients with chronic diseases. Equipped with specialized departments such as nephrology, hematology, and immunology, hospitals are at the forefront of plasmapheresis treatments. The increasing number of patients requiring therapeutic plasmapheresis, combined with the growing investment in hospital infrastructure, is expected to drive demand for plasmapheresis devices in this segment. Hospitals are continuously seeking to enhance patient care and optimize treatment protocols, further solidifying their role as a primary user of plasmapheresis devices.
Clinics:
Clinics play an important role in delivering plasmapheresis treatments, particularly in outpatient settings. Many patients prefer receiving treatment in a clinic environment due to convenience and accessibility. Clinics that specialize in chronic disease management often integrate plasmapheresis into their treatment offerings, thus increasing the demand for devices. The rise of telemedicine and outpatient care has also encouraged more clinics to adopt plasmapheresis treatments, enabling them to provide comprehensive care to patients. As clinics continue to expand their services, they are expected to be a key user segment in the plasmapheresis device market.
Ambulatory Surgical Centers:
Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs) have emerged as significant players in the plasmapheresis device market, offering patients efficient and cost-effective treatment options in a specialized environment. ASCs are equipped to provide same-day discharge services, making them an attractive choice for patients seeking outpatient plasmapheresis treatment. The increasing trend towards minimally invasive procedures and outpatient care is promoting the growth of this segment. As ASCs continue to enhance their technological capabilities and expand their service offerings, they are expected to contribute to the overall demand for plasmapheresis devices.
Blood Donation Centers:
Blood donation centers are vital users of plasmapheresis devices, as they are responsible for collecting plasma for transfusions and therapeutic use. The increasing need for plasma-derived products, combined with the rising awareness of the importance of blood donation, is driving growth in this segment. Blood donation centers are integrating advanced plasmapheresis technologies to optimize plasma collection processes and improve donor experiences. The commitment to ensuring a reliable supply of high-quality plasma is expected to bolster the demand for plasmapheresis devices in these centers.
Others:
The 'Others' category includes various users such as research laboratories and specialized treatment centers that utilize plasmapheresis devices for research and experimental purposes. These facilities may employ plasmapheresis for clinical trials, testing new therapies, or advancing scientific knowledge in the field. While this segment is currently smaller than the primary user categories, it presents an opportunity for growth as research and development in the plasmapheresis domain flourish. The demand for innovative treatments and improved protocols in specialized settings may lead to increased use of plasmapheresis devices.
By Technology
Centrifugation:
Centrifugation is a widely adopted technology in plasmapheresis devices, utilizing centrifugal force to separate plasma components from whole blood efficiently. This method is favored for its rapid processing capabilities and ability to handle larger blood volumes, making it ideal for therapeutic applications. The growing prevalence of chronic diseases necessitating plasmapheresis treatments has led to increased demand for centrifugation-based devices. As manufacturers continue to enhance the performance and specifications of these devices, the centrifugation segment is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years.
Membrane Separation:
Membrane separation technology employs semi-permeable membranes to selectively filter plasma components from blood. This approach offers numerous advantages, such as minimizing cellular loss and maintaining plasma quality. The effectiveness of membrane separation in various clinical applications, including immunoadsorption and therapeutic plasmapheresis, is driving its adoption. With ongoing advancements in membrane technology, manufacturers are focused on improving the efficiency and safety of membrane-based plasmapheresis devices. As healthcare providers increasingly recognize the benefits of membrane separation, this segment is anticipated to witness substantial growth.
Others:
The 'Others' category encompasses emerging and experimental technologies that do not fit into the primary categories of centrifugation and membrane separation. Companies are continually exploring new methods to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of plasmapheresis treatments. While this segment currently represents a smaller share of the market, its growth potential is promising as innovative solutions emerge. The ability to address specific clinical needs and improve patient outcomes may lead to the introduction of novel technologies in the plasmapheresis device market.
By Region
The plasmapheresis device market exhibits significant regional variation, with North America dominating the market share. In 2023, North America accounted for approximately 40% of the global market, driven by advanced healthcare infrastructure, high prevalence of chronic diseases, and increasing adoption of innovative medical technologies. The region's focus on research and development in the medical sector, coupled with the presence of key industry players, further solidifies its leading position. The CAGR for the North American market is expected to be around 9% due to the growing demand for therapeutic plasmapheresis, particularly among hospitals and outpatient centers.
Europe is another key market for plasmapheresis devices, holding a share of approximately 30% in 2023. The increasing incidence of autoimmune diseases and hematological disorders in the region, along with a growing emphasis on improving healthcare standards, is driving market growth. Countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom are witnessing significant investments in healthcare infrastructure, promoting the adoption of advanced plasmapheresis technologies. The European plasmapheresis device market is projected to experience a CAGR of around 7% over the forecast period, highlighting the region's commitment to enhancing patient care.
Opportunities
The plasmapheresis device market is poised for considerable growth, presenting numerous opportunities for manufacturers and healthcare providers alike. One of the most promising opportunities lies in the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, including autoimmune disorders and neurological conditions. As the global population ages and lifestyles evolve, the demand for effective treatment options is expected to rise significantly. Manufacturers that focus on developing advanced plasmapheresis devices with enhanced safety and efficiency are well-positioned to capture market share. Additionally, the expansion of outpatient services and ambulatory surgical centers provides an avenue for growth, as patients seek convenient and accessible treatment options. This trend encourages healthcare providers to invest in modern plasmapheresis technologies, further driving market demand.
Furthermore, innovations in technology present opportunities for improved treatment outcomes and patient comfort. For instance, the development of user-friendly devices and automation in plasmapheresis procedures can enhance the overall efficiency of treatments, allowing healthcare providers to cater to a larger patient population. Additionally, there is potential for growth in emerging markets where healthcare infrastructure is evolving rapidly. Companies that invest in market entry strategies and collaborate with local healthcare providers can establish a strong presence in these regions. As awareness of plasmapheresis as an effective treatment option increases, the market is set to benefit from a growing number of patients seeking this therapy, leading to lucrative opportunities for industry stakeholders.
Threats
While the plasmapheresis device market presents significant growth opportunities, it is not without threats that could impact its trajectory. One of the primary threats is the presence of stringent regulatory requirements that govern the approval and marketing of medical devices. Manufacturers must invest substantial time and resources to ensure compliance with evolving regulations, which can hinder the timely introduction of innovative products into the market. Additionally, the increasing competition among companies in the plasmapheresis sector may lead to price wars, potentially affecting profit margins and the overall sustainability of smaller players. As advancements in technology continue to reshape the industry, companies that fail to keep pace with innovation risk losing market relevance.
Another threat to the plasmapheresis device market is the potential for economic downturns that can impact healthcare budgets and expenditures. In times of financial uncertainty, healthcare institutions may prioritize essential treatments over advanced technologies, leading to reduced investments in plasmapheresis devices. Furthermore, the emergence of alternative therapies for treating chronic diseases could pose a challenge to the market, as patients may opt for less invasive or more cost-effective treatment options. As the industry evolves, companies must remain vigilant and strategically manage these threats to ensure long-term success in the plasmapheresis device market.
Competitor Outlook
- Fresenius Kabi
- Terumo BCT
- Haemonetics Corporation
- Gambro (part of Baxter International)
- Medtronic
- Asahi Kasei Medical
- Octapharma AG
- CaridianBCT
- BioLife Plasma Services
- Kawasumi Laboratories
- Clinical Innovations LLC
- Vifor Pharma
- HemaCare Corporation
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings
- Grifols S.A.
The competitive landscape of the plasmapheresis device market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies striving to meet the growing demand for effective plasmapheresis treatments. Major companies are investing heavily in research and development to advance their product offerings, improve device efficiency, and enhance patient safety. Furthermore, strategic collaborations and partnerships with healthcare institutions and research organizations are becoming increasingly common to facilitate innovation and expand market reach. Companies are also focusing on enhancing distribution channels and establishing a strong presence in emerging markets to capitalize on growth opportunities.
Fresenius Kabi, for instance, is a leading player in the plasmapheresis device market, known for its extensive portfolio of blood and plasma management solutions. The company continually invests in R&D to develop innovative devices that cater to the needs of healthcare providers and patients alike. Terumo BCT, another major competitor, specializes in blood component technology and has a strong focus on improving the efficiency of plasmapheresis procedures. Their commitment to quality and innovation has enabled them to capture a significant market share.
Similarly, Haemonetics Corporation focuses on providing comprehensive blood management solutions, including advanced plasmapheresis devices. Their emphasis on innovation and customer satisfaction has propelled their growth in the market. Grifols S.A. is recognized for its wide range of plasma-derived products and high-quality collection devices. The company's dedication to research and commitment to improving plasma therapies position it as a strong competitor in the plasmapheresis device market.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 Medtronic
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 Terumo BCT
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 CaridianBCT
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Grifols S.A.
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Vifor Pharma
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Octapharma AG
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Fresenius Kabi
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 Asahi Kasei Medical
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 HemaCare Corporation
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Kawasumi Laboratories
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 BioLife Plasma Services
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Haemonetics Corporation
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Clinical Innovations LLC
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Gambro (part of Baxter International)
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 Medtronic
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Plasmapheresis Device Sales Market, By User
- 6.1.1 Hospitals
- 6.1.2 Clinics
- 6.1.3 Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 6.1.4 Blood Donation Centers
- 6.1.5 Others
- 6.2 Plasmapheresis Device Sales Market, By Technology
- 6.2.1 Centrifugation
- 6.2.2 Membrane Separation
- 6.2.3 Others
- 6.3 Plasmapheresis Device Sales Market, By Application
- 6.3.1 Therapeutic Plasmapheresis
- 6.3.2 Donor Plasmapheresis
- 6.3.3 Photopheresis
- 6.3.4 Immunoadsorption
- 6.3.5 Others
- 6.4 Plasmapheresis Device Sales Market, By Product Type
- 6.4.1 Continuous Flow Plasmapheresis Devices
- 6.4.2 Intermittent Flow Plasmapheresis Devices
- 6.4.3 Centrifugal Plasmapheresis Devices
- 6.4.4 Membrane Filtration Plasmapheresis Devices
- 6.4.5 Others
- 6.1 Plasmapheresis Device Sales Market, By User
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Plasmapheresis Device Sales Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Plasmapheresis Device Sales market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Continuous Flow Plasmapheresis Devices
- Intermittent Flow Plasmapheresis Devices
- Centrifugal Plasmapheresis Devices
- Membrane Filtration Plasmapheresis Devices
- Others
By Application
- Therapeutic Plasmapheresis
- Donor Plasmapheresis
- Photopheresis
- Immunoadsorption
- Others
By User
- Hospitals
- Clinics
- Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- Blood Donation Centers
- Others
By Technology
- Centrifugation
- Membrane Separation
- Others
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Fresenius Kabi
- Terumo BCT
- Haemonetics Corporation
- Gambro (part of Baxter International)
- Medtronic
- Asahi Kasei Medical
- Octapharma AG
- CaridianBCT
- BioLife Plasma Services
- Kawasumi Laboratories
- Clinical Innovations LLC
- Vifor Pharma
- HemaCare Corporation
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings
- Grifols S.A.
- Publish Date : Jan 21 ,2025
- Report ID : AG-22
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.7 (99 Reviews)