Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales
Fingerprint Module Market Segments - by Product Type (Capacitive Fingerprint Module, Optical Fingerprint Module, Ultrasonic Fingerprint Module, Thermal Fingerprint Module, and Pressure Fingerprint Module), Application (Smartphones, Laptops, Tablets, Smart Wearables, and Access Control Systems), Distribution Channel (Online Sales, Offline Sales), Technology (Embedded Fingerprint Module, External Fingerprint Module), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales Market Outlook
The global embedded fingerprint module market is anticipated to reach approximately USD 7.8 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 12.5% from 2025 to 2035. This growth can be attributed to the rising need for biometric security solutions in various applications, particularly as cybersecurity threats continue to escalate. Additionally, the increasing adoption of smartphones and smart devices, coupled with the growing demand for enhanced user experience through biometric authentication, drives market growth. Moreover, the proliferation of advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in biometric systems is also propelling market expansion. Furthermore, the shift towards contactless identification solutions amid global health concerns has further accelerated the adoption of embedded fingerprint modules.
Growth Factor of the Market
Several key factors contribute to the growth of the embedded fingerprint module market. One significant factor is the increased emphasis on security and privacy in both personal and professional settings. As data breaches and identity theft incidents become more prevalent, organizations and individuals are turning to biometric solutions for enhanced security protocols. Moreover, the integration of fingerprint modules in various consumer electronics, such as smartphones and laptops, is increasingly becoming a standard feature rather than an option, thereby boosting sales. The rapid evolution of technology has also led to the development of more compact and efficient fingerprint sensors, making them suitable for a wider range of applications. The collaboration between tech companies and biometric solution providers is enhancing innovation and expanding the potential user base. Additionally, supportive government initiatives and regulations promoting the adoption of biometric systems in various sectors, including finance and healthcare, further drive market growth.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 12.5% reaching USD 7.8 billion by 2035.
- Smartphones are the largest application area for embedded fingerprint modules.
- North America is expected to hold a significant market share due to high technology adoption.
- Capacitive fingerprint modules are leading in product type due to their accuracy and reliability.
- The rise in online sales channels is significantly impacting the distribution of fingerprint modules.
By Product Type
Capacitive Fingerprint Module:
Capacitive fingerprint modules hold a prominent position in the embedded fingerprint module market, primarily due to their high accuracy and speed in capturing fingerprints. They utilize capacitive sensors that detect differences in capacitance caused by the unique ridges and valleys of a fingerprint. This technology ensures a more detailed and reliable image of the fingerprint, making it less susceptible to spoofing attempts. The widespread application of capacitive fingerprint modules in consumer electronics such as smartphones and laptops has further solidified their market dominance. Additionally, advancements in miniaturization and integration of these modules into sleek designs enhance their appeal to manufacturers and end-users alike. The growing trend of biometric payments and mobile banking has also stimulated demand for this product type, as consumers seek secure methods of transaction authentication.
Optical Fingerprint Module:
Optical fingerprint modules utilize light to capture fingerprint images, offering a unique alternative to capacitive sensors. This technology employs a light source and a camera to photograph the fingerprint, making it suitable for various applications, including access control systems and time attendance solutions. Optical fingerprint modules are particularly favored for their cost-effectiveness and ability to work in various lighting conditions. However, they tend to be less accurate compared to capacitive modules, which limits their use in high-security environments. Despite this, the optical fingerprint module market continues to grow as manufacturers innovate to enhance image quality and sensor responsiveness. The rising demand for integrated biometric solutions in security applications, especially in corporate and governmental sectors, further propels growth in this segment.
Ultrasonic Fingerprint Module:
Ultrasonic fingerprint modules are gaining traction due to their ability to capture fingerprints through the skin's surface, providing a higher level of security. These modules use ultrasonic waves to create a 3D map of the fingerprint, making them less vulnerable to spoofing techniques that rely on surface-level fingerprint replicas. The technology is particularly appealing for high-end smartphones, where security is paramount. One of the key advantages of ultrasonic fingerprint sensors is their ability to function effectively even in adverse conditions, such as wet or oily fingers. This feature enhances their usability and ensures reliable performance across various scenarios. As manufacturers increasingly adopt this technology for premium devices, the ultrasonic fingerprint module market is expected to witness significant growth moving forward.
Thermal Fingerprint Module:
Thermal fingerprint modules operate based on the detection of heat signatures left by fingerprints on a sensor. These sensors detect temperature variations, allowing for unique fingerprint identification. While thermal fingerprint modules are less common in consumer electronics compared to other types, they find applications in specific areas such as access control and security systems. The major advantage of thermal fingerprint technology is its ability to work in diverse environmental conditions, making them suitable for outdoor applications. However, this technology is still in the nascent stage of development compared to capacitive and optical modalities, which limits its overall market share. Nevertheless, as awareness of biometric security solutions grows, there may be an increase in the adoption of thermal fingerprint modules in specialized applications.
Pressure Fingerprint Module:
Pressure fingerprint modules operate by measuring the pressure differences exerted by the ridges and valleys of a fingerprint on a sensor. While this technology is relatively less common than others, it is recognized for its potential in providing a unique approach to fingerprint recognition. Pressure sensors can capture distinctive patterns of pressure while a fingerprint is applied, creating a reliable and unique digital representation. The main challenge for pressure fingerprint modules lies in their integration into mainstream consumer electronics, as they often require additional sophisticated technology for effective deployment. However, there is a growing interest in this technology for specialized applications in security systems, authentication devices, and access control environments, where unique fingerprint patterns can enhance overall security measures.
By Application
Smartphones:
Smartphones represent one of the most significant application areas for embedded fingerprint modules, driving substantial market growth. The integration of fingerprint authentication in smartphones has become a standard feature, offering users enhanced security while maintaining convenience. As mobile payment options and banking applications gain popularity, the demand for secure biometric verification methods continues to rise. Various smartphone manufacturers are incorporating advanced fingerprint technologies to meet consumer expectations for security and ease of use. The competitive landscape sees frequent innovations, with companies continuously seeking to improve fingerprint recognition speed and accuracy. With the growing smartphone penetration globally, this application segment is expected to remain a key driver in the overall market expansion.
Laptops:
The use of embedded fingerprint modules in laptops is gaining momentum as users seek enhanced security features in their devices. Laptops equipped with biometric authentication provide users with a seamless login experience while minimizing security risks associated with traditional password-based systems. Increasing concerns over data privacy and identity theft have prompted manufacturers to integrate fingerprint recognition in their product lines actively. The incorporation of advanced fingerprint sensors allows for quick access to devices, streamlining workflows and enhancing productivity for both personal and professional users. As more users adopt remote working solutions, the integration of biometric security in laptops is poised for growth, further driving demand in this application segment.
Tablets:
Tablets also represent a noteworthy application of embedded fingerprint modules, particularly as the device's functionality expands to include secure transactions, media consumption, and productivity tasks. With the increasing adoption of tablets in educational and corporate settings, manufacturers are prioritizing security features to protect sensitive data. Fingerprint sensors play a crucial role in ensuring that only authorized users can access the device, thereby safeguarding personal and professional information. The growing popularity of tablet-based payment systems and e-commerce applications further propels the demand for biometric authentication. As manufacturers continue to innovate and enhance the user experience, the tablet segment is expected to witness increasing integration of embedded fingerprint modules.
Smart Wearables:
Smart wearables, including smartwatches and fitness trackers, are increasingly incorporating embedded fingerprint modules to enhance security and user experience. These devices often handle sensitive personal data, such as health information and payment transactions, necessitating reliable biometric authentication methods. By integrating fingerprint recognition, manufacturers improve user convenience while ensuring that access to personal data remains secure. The rise of contactless payment systems in smart wearables has further accelerated the demand for biometric solutions. As technology evolves, we can expect to see more innovative applications of fingerprint modules in wearables, expanding their functionality and attracting a broader user base.
Access Control Systems:
Access control systems represent a crucial application area for embedded fingerprint modules, particularly in commercial and governmental sectors. These systems utilize biometric authentication to enhance security measures and streamline access to restricted areas. Organizations are increasingly adopting fingerprint recognition technology to mitigate risks associated with unauthorized access and to establish secure environments. The growing focus on workplace safety and security compliance further drives demand for biometric solutions within access control systems. As technology advances, the incorporation of embedded fingerprint modules in comprehensive security solutions will become more prevalent, ensuring the protection of sensitive areas and assets.
By Distribution Channel
Online Sales:
The online sales channel has emerged as a dominant force in the distribution of embedded fingerprint modules, driven by the rapid growth of e-commerce and the increasing preference for online shopping. Consumers benefit from the convenience of browsing a wide variety of products and comparing prices without visiting physical stores. Online platforms provide comprehensive product information and customer reviews, empowering buyers to make informed decisions. Manufacturers and distributors are leveraging digital marketing strategies to reach a broader audience and enhance brand visibility. This trend is further supported by the increasing availability of online payment solutions, which facilitate seamless transactions. As the e-commerce landscape continues to evolve, online sales are expected to play a pivotal role in the growth of the embedded fingerprint module market.
Offline Sales:
Offline sales channels remain relevant in the distribution of embedded fingerprint modules, particularly for customers who prefer a hands-on shopping experience. Physical retail outlets allow consumers to interact with products directly, enabling them to assess quality and functionality before making a purchase. Retail environments such as electronics stores and specialized security solution providers often showcase a variety of fingerprint modules, catering to diverse customer needs. Additionally, offline sales offer the advantage of immediate product availability, allowing customers to walk away with their purchases. As the market evolves, retailers are also adapting to changing consumer preferences by enhancing in-store experiences and integrating online and offline sales strategies to optimize their reach.
By Technology
Embedded Fingerprint Module:
Embedded fingerprint modules are seamlessly integrated within devices, providing a compact and efficient solution for biometric authentication. These modules are designed to occupy minimal space while offering high performance and reliability. The trend of embedding fingerprint modules in smartphones, laptops, and other consumer electronics has gained substantial momentum in recent years due to the increasing demand for security features. Manufacturers are continually innovating to enhance the accuracy and speed of embedded fingerprint sensors, integrating advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques to improve recognition capabilities. As technology progresses, the embedded fingerprint module segment is anticipated to grow as more devices adopt this security feature.
External Fingerprint Module:
External fingerprint modules serve as standalone devices that can be connected to various platforms for biometric verification. These modules are often used in specialized applications, such as access control systems and attendance tracking, where integration into existing systems is required. External fingerprint modules offer flexibility and are often equipped with advanced features, such as multi-finger recognition and enhanced security protocols. The growing trend of remote work and the need for secure access to physical and digital environments have increased demand for external fingerprint solutions. Companies seeking to enhance their security measures are increasingly adopting these modules to complement their existing systems, thus driving growth in this segment.
By Region
North America is a prominent market for embedded fingerprint modules, with a substantial share attributed to the high adoption of advanced technologies and the presence of leading manufacturers in the region. The demand for biometric solutions is bolstered by increasing concerns over data security and the rising instances of cyber threats. As a result, organizations across various sectors are investing in biometric security measures, including embedded fingerprint modules, to fortify their defenses. The projected CAGR of approximately 11.5% for this region indicates robust growth prospects as the market continues to evolve. Additionally, the increasing integration of biometric solutions in smart devices contributes significantly to market expansion.
Europe follows closely as a key market for embedded fingerprint modules, driven by a strong focus on security and privacy regulations. The implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has heightened awareness regarding data security compliance, prompting companies to adopt biometric solutions for safeguarding sensitive information. Additionally, the growing market for smart devices and wearables in countries such as Germany and the U.K. is further propelling the demand for embedded fingerprint modules. Although the growth rate in this region is slightly lower than North America, the projected CAGR of around 10.2% indicates steady growth, with increasing investments in biometric technologies anticipated to bolster market dynamics.
Opportunities
The embedded fingerprint module market presents several lucrative opportunities for growth, particularly in the burgeoning field of IoT (Internet of Things). As smart devices become increasingly interconnected, the need for robust security measures to protect sensitive data and user privacy is paramount. Biometric authentication, particularly through embedded fingerprint modules, can offer a secure solution for various applications within the IoT ecosystem, including smart homes, wearables, and automotive systems. The integration of fingerprint sensors into a wide array of devices allows manufacturers to differentiate their products in a competitive landscape while simultaneously enhancing user experience. As consumers demand more secure and convenient solutions, companies that invest in developing advanced fingerprint technology tailored for IoT applications are likely to achieve significant competitive advantages and drive market growth.
Another promising opportunity lies in emerging markets, where the increasing adoption of smartphones and smart devices is transforming the landscape for embedded fingerprint modules. As disposable incomes rise and technology becomes more accessible, consumers in regions such as Asia Pacific and Latin America are increasingly seeking devices with enhanced security features. Additionally, businesses in these regions are recognizing the importance of biometric solutions for protecting sensitive information and improving operational efficiency. As a result, manufacturers can capitalize on the growing demand for embedded fingerprint modules in emerging markets by tailoring their products to meet local preferences and regulatory requirements. Establishing partnerships with local distributors and leveraging innovative marketing strategies will be crucial for success in these regions, ultimately contributing to the overall growth of the market.
Threats
Despite the positive growth outlook for the embedded fingerprint module market, several threats could potentially hinder its progress. The rapid evolution of technology means that market players must continually innovate to keep pace with emerging security threats and maintain competitive advantages. The introduction of alternative biometric authentication methods, such as facial recognition and iris scanning, poses a challenge to the traditional dominance of fingerprint recognition technology. These alternatives may offer enhanced user experience and flexibility, leading consumers to adopt them over established fingerprint solutions. Additionally, concerns regarding the vulnerability of fingerprint data to hacking and spoofing attacks could undermine consumer confidence in biometric security. Companies must invest in developing advanced technologies that address these vulnerabilities to retain customer trust and market share.
Furthermore, regulatory challenges and compliance requirements can act as restraining factors affecting the growth of the embedded fingerprint module market. Different regions have established various regulations surrounding data privacy and biometric security, making it imperative for manufacturers to navigate an intricate landscape of compliance. Failing to meet these regulations can result in potential penalties and reduced market access. In addition, the lack of standardization in biometric technology can complicate integration efforts across different platforms, potentially stalling adoption. To mitigate these risks, companies must stay informed about regulatory developments and invest in building flexible, compliant solutions that adhere to diverse market requirements.
Competitor Outlook
- Synaptics Incorporated
- Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
- Goodix Technology Inc.
- FPC (Fingerprint Cards AB)
- Elan Microelectronics Corporation
- HID Global Corporation
- Apple Inc.
- Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
- Gemalto N.V. (Thales Group)
- Idemia
- SecuGen Corporation
- Humaine Technologies S.A.R.L.
- Crossmatch Technologies, Inc.
- 3M Cogent, Inc.
- Trustonic Limited
The competitive landscape in the embedded fingerprint module market is characterized by a diverse array of players, each vying to capture market share through innovation and technological advancement. Established companies such as Synaptics and Qualcomm have been at the forefront of developing cutting-edge fingerprint technologies, focusing on enhancing accuracy, speed, and security features. These companies invest heavily in research and development to create advanced fingerprint sensors that meet the demands of evolving consumer preferences and industry standards. Additionally, their strong partnerships with leading smartphone manufacturers enable them to integrate their solutions into a wide range of devices, further solidifying their market position.
New entrants and smaller firms are also emerging in the fingerprint module market, often specializing in niche applications or innovative solutions. Companies such as Goodix and FPC focus on delivering customized fingerprint modules that cater to specific industry needs, thereby gaining traction among manufacturers looking for tailored solutions. As competition intensifies, these firms are increasingly tapping into the emerging trends of IoT and smart devices, exploring ways to incorporate biometric authentication into various applications. The collaborative efforts between established players and startups present opportunities for synergy, driving innovation and expanding the overall market.
Meanwhile, global giants like Apple and Samsung dominate the market due to their extensive distribution networks and brand loyalty. Their commitment to embedding biometric security features in their devices has set industry standards, compelling other manufacturers to follow suit. These companies are investing significantly in research and development, seeking to enhance biometric accuracy and user experience continually. As the demand for embedded fingerprint modules grows, the competitive landscape will likely see intensified efforts to differentiate offerings through technological advancements, strategic partnerships, and innovative marketing approaches.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 Idemia
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 Apple Inc.
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 3M Cogent, Inc.
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Trustonic Limited
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 SecuGen Corporation
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Goodix Technology Inc.
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 HID Global Corporation
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 Synaptics Incorporated
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 FPC (Fingerprint Cards AB)
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Gemalto N.V. (Thales Group)
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Crossmatch Technologies, Inc.
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Humaine Technologies S.A.R.L.
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Elan Microelectronics Corporation
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 Idemia
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales Market, By Technology
- 6.1.1 Embedded Fingerprint Module
- 6.1.2 External Fingerprint Module
- 6.2 Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales Market, By Application
- 6.2.1 Smartphones
- 6.2.2 Laptops
- 6.2.3 Tablets
- 6.2.4 Smart Wearables
- 6.2.5 Access Control Systems
- 6.3 Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales Market, By Product Type
- 6.3.1 Capacitive Fingerprint Module
- 6.3.2 Optical Fingerprint Module
- 6.3.3 Ultrasonic Fingerprint Module
- 6.3.4 Thermal Fingerprint Module
- 6.3.5 Pressure Fingerprint Module
- 6.4 Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
- 6.4.1 Online Sales
- 6.4.2 Offline Sales
- 6.1 Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales Market, By Technology
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Embedded Fingerprint Module Sales market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Capacitive Fingerprint Module
- Optical Fingerprint Module
- Ultrasonic Fingerprint Module
- Thermal Fingerprint Module
- Pressure Fingerprint Module
By Application
- Smartphones
- Laptops
- Tablets
- Smart Wearables
- Access Control Systems
By Distribution Channel
- Online Sales
- Offline Sales
By Technology
- Embedded Fingerprint Module
- External Fingerprint Module
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Synaptics Incorporated
- Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
- Goodix Technology Inc.
- FPC (Fingerprint Cards AB)
- Elan Microelectronics Corporation
- HID Global Corporation
- Apple Inc.
- Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
- Gemalto N.V. (Thales Group)
- Idemia
- SecuGen Corporation
- Humaine Technologies S.A.R.L.
- Crossmatch Technologies, Inc.
- 3M Cogent, Inc.
- Trustonic Limited
- Publish Date : Jan 21 ,2025
- Report ID : AG-22
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.7 (99 Reviews)