ECG Electrodes Sales

ECG Electrodes Sales Market Outlook

The global ECG electrodes market was valued at approximately USD 2.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 3.5 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 5.3% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, a growing aging population, and the rise in the number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that require ECG monitoring. Additionally, the advancements in technology and the introduction of innovative electrode designs are expected to significantly boost market growth. Furthermore, the increasing demand for remote patient monitoring, especially post-pandemic, is pushing hospitals and healthcare facilities to adopt advanced ECG electrode systems, thereby enhancing patient care and outcomes. The rising emphasis on preventive healthcare and early diagnosis of heart diseases also plays a substantial role in expanding the ECG electrodes market.

Growth Factor of the Market

One of the primary growth factors for the ECG electrodes market is the rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases globally, which necessitates continuous monitoring and diagnosis of heart conditions. With the aging population, the prevalence of conditions such as arrhythmias, hypertension, and heart attacks has become more pronounced, leading to an increased demand for ECG procedures. Moreover, the technological advancements in electrode design and materials, including the development of skin-friendly adhesives and high-conductivity materials, have improved the performance and comfort of ECG electrodes, making them more appealing to both healthcare providers and patients. Additionally, the growing trend of outpatient and home healthcare services fosters the demand for easy-to-use, portable ECG devices that utilize electrodes for monitoring patient health remotely. The increasing investment in healthcare infrastructure, particularly in emerging markets, further supports the growth of this market by enhancing access to diagnostic services.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The global ECG electrodes market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.3% from 2025 to 2035.
• Disposable ECG electrodes are projected to dominate the market due to their convenience and hygiene factors.
• North America holds the largest share of the market, driven by advanced healthcare infrastructure and high prevalence of cardiac disorders.
• Technological advancements in materials and design are enhancing the effectiveness and user-friendliness of ECG electrodes.
• There is a rising trend of home healthcare services, which increases the demand for portable ECG monitoring devices.

By Product Type

Disposable ECG Electrodes:

Disposable ECG electrodes are gaining significant traction in the healthcare sector primarily due to their single-use nature, which eliminates the risk of cross-contamination and infection. These electrodes are designed for quick application and easy removal, making them ideal for various settings, including emergency and outpatient care. The convenience of disposable electrodes, coupled with their effectiveness in capturing accurate ECG readings, makes them a preferred choice for many healthcare providers. Furthermore, they are often supplied with pre-attached adhesive pads that enhance adherence to the skin, providing reliable and consistent performance during ECG monitoring. The growing awareness regarding hygiene and infection control measures in medical institutions is further propelling the demand for disposable ECG electrodes across the globe.

Reusable ECG Electrodes:

Reusable ECG electrodes are designed for multiple uses, making them a cost-effective option for healthcare facilities that require frequent ECG monitoring. These electrodes are typically made from durable materials that can withstand cleaning and sterilization processes without losing their effectiveness. Reusable electrodes are particularly favored in settings where budget constraints are significant, such as in resource-limited environments. Additionally, they are widely used in research and clinical settings where ongoing patient monitoring is required. With increasing efforts to promote sustainable healthcare practices, the reusable ECG electrodes segment is anticipated to experience steady growth as healthcare facilities look to reduce waste and operational costs while maintaining high standards of patient care.

Needle Electrodes:

Needle electrodes, though less common than disposable and reusable types, play a critical role in specialized medical applications. These electrodes are primarily used for invasive procedures and provide direct electrical contact with tissues, facilitating accurate electrophysiological measurements. Needle electrodes are particularly beneficial in electrophysiology studies, cardiac mapping, and certain surgical procedures where precise electrical activity needs to be monitored. Their ability to provide high fidelity signals makes them indispensable in specific diagnostic settings. However, the complexity of their application and the requirement for skilled healthcare professionals to use them may limit their widespread adoption compared to other types of ECG electrodes.

Wet Gel Electrodes:

Wet gel electrodes utilize a conductive gel that enhances the electrical connection between the skin and the electrode, providing improved signal quality for ECG recordings. These electrodes are commonly used in clinical and hospital settings where high-fidelity ECG readings are essential. The gel used in these electrodes minimizes motion artifacts and ensures stable contact with the skin, which is particularly important for long-duration monitoring. As the demand for accurate diagnostic tools increases, wet gel electrodes are expected to maintain a significant market presence. However, the need for proper application and maintenance of the gel can sometimes be a drawback, as improper use may lead to suboptimal performance. Despite this, their effectiveness in delivering reliable ECG data keeps them in demand within the healthcare landscape.

By Application

Hospitals:

Hospitals represent a substantial segment of the ECG electrodes market, as they are the primary settings for advanced cardiac care and diagnostics. With the increasing number of cardiac patients and the rising incidence of heart diseases, hospitals are heavily investing in ECG monitoring technologies to provide timely and efficient patient care. In hospital settings, ECG electrodes are used for both routine monitoring and during emergency situations, requiring high-quality and reliable performance. The integration of advanced monitoring technologies, including telemetry systems and remote monitoring capabilities, has further fueled the demand for ECG electrodes in hospitals. Additionally, the continuous training of healthcare professionals on the use of these devices is enhancing the accuracy of ECG readings, making hospitals a leading application area for ECG electrodes.

Clinics:

Clinics, including outpatient facilities and primary care centers, are increasingly adopting ECG electrodes as part of routine examinations and diagnostics. With the growing focus on preventive healthcare, clinics are equipped to perform ECG tests to identify potential cardiac issues early on, thus playing a crucial role in patient health management. The convenience of having ECG services available at the clinic level enhances patient accessibility to cardiac monitoring, contributing to an overall increase in ECG electrode usage. Furthermore, the trend toward point-of-care testing has led clinics to seek portable and user-friendly ECG solutions, further driving the demand for effective ECG electrodes designed for quick and accurate assessments. As clinics continue to evolve and expand their services, the adoption of ECG electrodes is expected to grow significantly.

Ambulatory Surgical Centers:

Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs) are increasingly becoming significant players in the ECG electrodes market as these facilities handle a variety of surgical procedures on an outpatient basis. With the rise in minimally invasive surgeries and advancements in surgical techniques, ASCs require efficient monitoring solutions to ensure patient safety during procedures. ECG electrodes are essential in these settings for monitoring cardiac activity before, during, and after surgical interventions. The growing preference for outpatient surgeries due to their cost-effectiveness, shorter recovery times, and increased patient satisfaction is further propelling the demand for ECG electrodes in ASCs. The ability of ASCs to provide high-quality care with reduced hospital stays is likely to enhance the role of ECG electrodes within this application segment.

Others:

The 'Others' category encompasses various applications of ECG electrodes, including research laboratories, sports medicine, and home healthcare monitoring systems. In research settings, ECG electrodes are integral to clinical trials and studies focused on cardiovascular health and related technologies, providing critical data for advancing medical science. Sports medicine is another growing field where ECG electrodes are employed to monitor athletes' heart rates and cardiovascular responses during training and competitions. Moreover, the rising trend of home healthcare is creating new avenues for ECG electrode applications, as patients require continuous monitoring of heart conditions outside traditional healthcare settings. This diversification of applications across sectors is contributing to the overall growth of the ECG electrodes market.

By End User

Cardiology Centers:

Cardiology centers are pivotal end users of ECG electrodes due to their specialized focus on diagnosing and treating heart-related conditions. These facilities are equipped with advanced diagnostic tools and technologies, making ECG monitoring an essential component of patient evaluation and management. With an increasing number of patients experiencing heart diseases, the demand for reliable and accurate ECG electrodes in cardiology centers continues to rise. These centers often require high-quality electrodes that can withstand continuous patient monitoring and provide precise readings. The integration of telemedicine and remote monitoring solutions in cardiology is also driving the need for innovative ECG electrodes that facilitate efficient data transmission and analysis, further strengthening this end-user segment.

Home Healthcare:

The home healthcare segment is emerging as a significant end-user category for ECG electrodes, driven by the growing trend of remote patient monitoring. As healthcare shifts towards patient-centric models, more individuals are opting for home healthcare services, especially for chronic conditions that require ongoing monitoring, such as heart disease. The convenience of using portable ECG devices equipped with advanced electrodes allows patients to manage their health from the comfort of their homes. The demand for user-friendly, effective home monitoring solutions is prompting manufacturers to develop ECG electrodes that cater specifically to this market. The increasing awareness of preventive healthcare and the desire for early diagnosis are further propelling the use of ECG electrodes in home healthcare settings.

Diagnostic Centers:

Diagnostic centers play a crucial role in the ECG electrodes market, as they provide essential services for cardiac assessment and disease detection. These centers are equipped with advanced diagnostic equipment and employ various testing modalities, including ECG, to evaluate patients' cardiac health. The growing emphasis on early disease detection and preventive healthcare is driving the demand for ECG electrodes in these facilities. As more individuals seek timely diagnostics and screenings, the need for reliable and effective ECG electrodes continues to grow. Additionally, the rising trend of bundled payment models in healthcare is encouraging diagnostic centers to enhance their service offerings, which includes the acquisition of high-quality ECG monitoring systems and electrodes.

By Material Type

Silver/Silver Chloride:

Silver/silver chloride materials are widely recognized for their excellent conductive properties, making them a popular choice for ECG electrodes. These electrodes provide stable and reliable signal quality, essential for accurate ECG readings. The use of silver/silver chloride electrodes helps to reduce motion artifacts and enhance the overall performance of ECG monitoring systems. As a result, they are favored in both clinical and hospital settings, where high-quality data is paramount. Additionally, the biocompatibility of silver/silver chloride materials ensures that these electrodes can be used for various patients without causing skin irritations, making them suitable for extended monitoring periods. The ongoing demand for effective ECG solutions is likely to sustain the market for silver/silver chloride electrodes.

Foam:

Foam electrodes are gaining traction due to their lightweight and comfortable design, which enhances patient compliance during ECG monitoring. These electrodes provide a good balance between conductivity and comfort, making them an attractive option for both clinical and home monitoring applications. The adhesive properties of foam electrodes ensure that they remain securely attached to the skin during use, which is crucial for obtaining accurate readings. As the healthcare industry increasingly prioritizes patient comfort and satisfaction, foam electrodes are expected to see significant growth. Their versatility and ease of use make them suitable for various patient populations, including those requiring long-term monitoring.

Cloth:

Cloth electrodes are another material type utilized in the ECG electrodes market, recognized for their flexibility and adaptability. These electrodes are typically used in settings where patient comfort and prolonged wear are essential. The fabric-based design allows for better breathability, reducing the risk of skin irritation that can occur with other materials. While cloth electrodes may not provide the same level of conductivity as silver/silver chloride options, they are favored in certain applications due to their ability to conform to different body shapes and movement. As awareness of skin sensitivity and patient comfort grows, the demand for cloth electrodes is expected to increase in both clinical and outpatient settings.

Others:

The 'Others' category includes various alternative materials used in the production of ECG electrodes, such as hydrogel and silicone-based materials. These electrodes are often developed to address specific requirements or preferences within the market, such as enhanced comfort, reduced skin irritation, or improved adhesion. Advanced materials are continually being researched and developed to optimize the performance of ECG electrodes, ensuring that they meet the diverse needs of patients and healthcare providers. Innovations in electrode materials contribute to better signal quality, increased durability, and overall improved patient experience. As technology progresses, the reliance on alternative materials in the ECG electrodes market is likely to expand.

By Region

North America dominates the ECG electrodes market, accounting for a significant share due to its advanced healthcare infrastructure and high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The presence of well-established healthcare facilities, coupled with a high level of awareness regarding preventive healthcare, drives the demand for ECG monitoring solutions. Among the various regions, North America is expected to witness a CAGR of approximately 5.5% during the forecast period, driven by technological advancements and increased investments in healthcare innovation. The robust growth in telehealth services and remote monitoring solutions is further propelling the demand for ECG electrodes in this region, as patients seek convenient and effective ways to manage their cardiac health.

Europe follows closely behind North America in terms of market share, benefiting from an increasing emphasis on cardiac health and innovative healthcare solutions. The European market is characterized by a high prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases, leading to a growing need for cardiovascular monitoring. Countries such as Germany, the UK, and France are at the forefront of adopting advanced ECG monitoring systems, contributing to a steady growth rate. The emphasis on research and development within the healthcare sector, coupled with an aging population, is expected to sustain the demand for ECG electrodes throughout Europe. Asia Pacific is also emerging as a significant market, driven by rising healthcare expenditure and the increasing adoption of digital health technologies.

Opportunities

The ECG electrodes market is poised for substantial growth as healthcare systems worldwide increasingly embrace digital health technologies and telemedicine. The shift towards remote patient monitoring offers numerous opportunities for ECG electrode manufacturers to innovate and develop solutions that cater to this growing demand. Enhanced capabilities in wireless ECG monitoring devices, along with the development of user-friendly applications, are enabling patients to track their heart health from home while providing healthcare providers with real-time data. As the healthcare landscape evolves, there will be a continuous need for reliable ECG electrodes that can facilitate accurate monitoring in home healthcare settings. Additionally, collaborations between technology companies and healthcare providers are likely to result in advanced ECG solutions, further expanding the market's potential.

Moreover, the rising prevalence of lifestyle-related health issues, such as obesity and diabetes, is creating a surge in demand for cardiovascular monitoring tools. This trend presents an opportunity for ECG electrode manufacturers to target preventive healthcare markets actively. By focusing on product development tailored to specific patient needs and conditions, companies can carve out niche markets within the broader ECG electrodes landscape. Furthermore, expanding into emerging markets where healthcare access is improving can yield significant growth opportunities for manufacturers. As these regions enhance their healthcare infrastructure and services, the demand for reliable and effective ECG monitoring solutions will inevitably increase.

Threats

Despite the positive outlook for the ECG electrodes market, several threats could hinder growth. One major concern is the increasing competition from alternative monitoring technologies, such as wearable devices and smartphone applications that offer ECG monitoring capabilities. The rapid advancements in technology have led to the development of devices that can measure heart activity without the need for traditional electrodes, which may pose a threat to the ECG electrodes market. As consumers become more inclined towards convenience and portability, there is a risk that the demand for conventional ECG electrodes may decline. Additionally, regulatory challenges and the need for compliance with stringent healthcare standards can pose obstacles for manufacturers, impacting their ability to innovate and bring new products to market efficiently.

Another significant threat stems from the fluctuations in raw material prices and supply chain disruptions, which can affect the production and pricing strategies of ECG electrode manufacturers. The ongoing global challenges associated with sourcing materials, particularly in a post-pandemic world, have raised concerns about the stability of supply chains. If manufacturers face difficulties in obtaining essential materials or if prices rise significantly, it could impact their profit margins and ultimately affect the market's growth trajectory. Furthermore, the increasing focus on cost-cutting measures within healthcare systems may lead to budget constraints, potentially limiting investment in high-quality ECG monitoring solutions and electrodes.

Competitor Outlook

• 3M Company
• Medtronic plc
• GE Healthcare
• Philips Healthcare
• Cardinal Health, Inc.
• Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc.
• Schiller AG
• Biotricity Inc.
• Nihon Kohden Corporation
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Conmed Corporation
• Roche Diagnostics
• LivaNova PLC
• Adamed Pharma S.A.
• Teleflex Incorporated

The competitive landscape of the ECG electrodes market is characterized by the presence of several key players who are actively engaged in developing innovative products and expanding their market reach. Major companies such as 3M Company, Medtronic plc, and GE Healthcare dominate the market due to their strong brand reputation, extensive product portfolios, and advanced manufacturing capabilities. These leading firms are continually investing in research and development to enhance their ECG electrode technology, ensuring they stay ahead of emerging trends and advancing customer needs. Furthermore, strategic partnerships, collaborations, and mergers and acquisitions are common practices within the market, as companies seek to strengthen their competitive positioning and explore new growth opportunities.

Company strategies often focus on expanding distribution networks and increasing visibility in emerging markets where healthcare access is improving. For instance, Philips Healthcare has made significant strides in expanding its ECG monitoring solutions in Asia Pacific, capitalizing on the region's growing healthcare infrastructure. Similarly, companies such as Cardinal Health, Inc. are focusing on developing tailored solutions for various healthcare settings, including outpatient and home healthcare markets. The emphasis on providing high-quality, cost-effective ECG monitoring solutions that meet diverse patient needs is set to define competitive strategies within the ECG electrodes landscape.

As the market evolves, smaller players are also emerging, offering niche products and services that cater to specific segments. These companies often focus on leveraging advanced technologies such as wireless connectivity and integration with mobile applications to differentiate their products. For example, Biotricity Inc. is making headway in the remote patient monitoring segment by providing portable ECG solutions that enable patients to monitor their heart health conveniently. This trend of innovation and specialization is expected to intensify competition within the ECG electrodes market, as established players and new entrants alike strive to capture market share and meet the growing demand for effective cardiac monitoring solutions.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 3M Company
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Schiller AG
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 LivaNova PLC
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 GE Healthcare
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Medtronic plc
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Biotricity Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Roche Diagnostics
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Adamed Pharma S.A.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Conmed Corporation
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Philips Healthcare
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Cardinal Health, Inc.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Teleflex Incorporated
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Nihon Kohden Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Honeywell International Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 ECG Electrodes Sales Market, By End User
    • 6.1.1 Cardiology Centers
    • 6.1.2 Home Healthcare
    • 6.1.3 Diagnostic Centers
  • 6.2 ECG Electrodes Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.2.1 Hospitals
    • 6.2.2 Clinics
    • 6.2.3 Ambulatory Surgical Centers
    • 6.2.4 Others
  • 6.3 ECG Electrodes Sales Market, By Product Type
    • 6.3.1 Disposable ECG Electrodes
    • 6.3.2 Reusable ECG Electrodes
    • 6.3.3 Needle Electrodes
    • 6.3.4 Wet Gel Electrodes
  • 6.4 ECG Electrodes Sales Market, By Material Type
    • 6.4.1 Silver/Silver Chloride
    • 6.4.2 Foam
    • 6.4.3 Cloth
    • 6.4.4 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 ECG Electrodes Sales Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global ECG Electrodes Sales market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Disposable ECG Electrodes
• Reusable ECG Electrodes
• Needle Electrodes
• Wet Gel Electrodes

By Application

• Hospitals
• Clinics
• Ambulatory Surgical Centers
• Others

By End User

• Cardiology Centers
• Home Healthcare
• Diagnostic Centers

By Material Type

• Silver/Silver Chloride
• Foam
• Cloth
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• 3M Company
• Medtronic plc
• GE Healthcare
• Philips Healthcare
• Cardinal Health, Inc.
• Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc.
• Schiller AG
• Biotricity Inc.
• Nihon Kohden Corporation
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Conmed Corporation
• Roche Diagnostics
• LivaNova PLC
• Adamed Pharma S.A.
• Teleflex Incorporated