Autoclave Tape

Autoclave Tape Market Outlook

The global autoclave tape market is projected to reach an impressive valuation of approximately USD 300 million by 2035, expanding at a healthy compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This anticipated growth can be attributed to the rising demand for sterilization in various healthcare processes, especially in hospitals and clinics, as well as the continuous advancement in medical technology and practices. The growing focus on infection control and patient safety has led to an increased adoption of reliable sterilization methods, further propelling the market forward. Additionally, the expansion of the pharmaceutical industry and research facilities is expected to contribute significantly to the market's growth. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases that require surgical interventions also plays a crucial role in boosting the demand for autoclave tape products.

Growth Factor of the Market

The growth factor of the autoclave tape market is primarily driven by the increasing awareness of sterilization protocols in healthcare settings. As healthcare practitioners and institutions prioritize infection prevention, the demand for reliable autoclave tape to indicate sterilization processes has surged. Additionally, advancements in material technology have led to the development of high-performance autoclave tapes that ensure better adhesion and improved visibility of sterilization indicators. The rise in surgical procedures and the need for sterile environments in various applications, such as pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, have further fueled market growth. Regulatory frameworks and stringent guidelines concerning sterilization practices have prompted more healthcare facilities to adopt autoclave tape as part of their infection control measures. Moreover, the expansion of healthcare infrastructure in developing regions is expected to contribute positively to the market growth.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The autoclave tape market is poised for significant growth, with a projected CAGR of 5.5% from 2025 to 2035.
• Innovations in tape materials have improved sterilization reliability and adhesion properties.
• Increasing surgical procedures and stricter infection control measures are driving demand.
• Developing regions are witnessing growth in healthcare infrastructure, propelling market expansion.
• Strong regulatory support promotes the adoption of autoclave tape in medical settings.

By Type

Lead Free Autoclave Tape:

Lead-free autoclave tape is gaining recognition due to its environmentally friendly composition and safety features. Unlike traditional options that may contain lead, lead-free autoclave tape ensures compliance with stringent regulatory standards for medical products. This type of tape is particularly favored in hospitals and laboratories where patient safety is paramount. Its use in sterilization processes provides assurance that no harmful chemicals are being introduced in the operating or laboratory environments. Furthermore, the adoption of lead-free solutions reflects a broader trend in the medical industry toward sustainable and health-conscious products, which is expected to bolster its market presence.

Indicator Autoclave Tape:

Indicator autoclave tape is essential in confirming the successful sterilization of instruments and materials. This type of tape features a color change mechanism that indicates whether the sterilization process has occurred effectively. The growing emphasis on quality control in healthcare settings has led to increased utilization of indicator tapes as part of standard operating procedures. Hospitals incorporate these tapes to enhance transparency in their sterilization processes, thus ensuring patient safety and regulatory compliance. As a result, the demand for indicator autoclave tape is projected to grow steadily, driven by the need for reliable sterilization validation in medical environments.

Chemical Autoclave Tape:

Chemical autoclave tape is utilized for its unique chemical indicators that react to the sterilizing conditions within an autoclave. This type of tape is particularly favored in laboratories and pharmaceutical companies where precise sterilization is critical. The chemical nature of this tape allows it to provide immediate feedback on the success of the sterilization cycle, making it invaluable for maintaining high standards of hygiene in sensitive operations. The growing focus on laboratory safety and the increasing number of pharmaceutical research facilities are anticipated to drive significant demand for chemical autoclave tape in the coming years.

Steam Autoclave Tape:

Steam autoclave tape is specifically designed for use in steam sterilization processes, making it highly relevant in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. This type of tape is engineered to withstand high temperatures and moist environments typical of steam sterilization cycles. The need for effective sterilization solutions in surgical and medical settings is driving the demand for steam autoclave tape. Additionally, its reliable performance in harsh conditions ensures that healthcare providers can maintain a sterile environment, further solidifying its importance in infection control protocols.

Self-Adhesive Autoclave Tape:

Self-adhesive autoclave tape offers the convenience of easy application while ensuring a strong bond to various surfaces. This type of tape is particularly useful in settings where quick sterilization labeling is required, such as laboratories and clinics. Its user-friendly design allows healthcare professionals to easily label sterilized items without the need for additional adhesive products. As healthcare facilities increasingly seek efficiency and effectiveness in their sterilization processes, self-adhesive autoclave tape is expected to see a rise in adoption, enhancing its market share.

By Material

Crepe Paper:

Crepe paper is widely used in the production of autoclave tape due to its excellent properties for sterilization applications. This material is lightweight, flexible, and can withstand high temperatures and moisture during the sterilization process. The porous structure of crepe paper allows for steam penetration, ensuring effective sterilization of the items being packaged. Its affordability and ease of use have made crepe paper a popular choice for hospitals and laboratories, contributing to its strong position in the autoclave tape market. As the demand for cost-effective solutions grows, the use of crepe paper in autoclave tape production is projected to remain significant.

Plastic:

Plastic materials are increasingly being utilized in autoclave tape manufacturing due to their durability and resistance to environmental factors. Plastic-based autoclave tapes often provide a robust barrier against contamination, making them ideal for use in critical environments. Their waterproof properties make them resistant to moisture and ensure a stable performance during sterilization cycles. As the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors continue to evolve, the demand for plastic autoclave tape is expected to rise, driven by its versatility and reliability in diverse applications.

Fabric:

Fabric materials are employed in the production of certain types of autoclave tape for their strength and flexibility. Fabrics can provide a superior level of adhesion and are particularly effective in environments where a more robust solution is needed. The use of fabric in autoclave tape enhances its durability, making it suitable for applications that require high reliability during sterilization processes. As the market seeks higher-quality products that can withstand the rigors of sterilization, fabric-based autoclave tapes are anticipated to gain traction among healthcare providers.

Rubber:

Rubber is utilized in some specialized autoclave tapes due to its excellent adhesive properties and resistance to high temperatures. Rubber-backed tapes are designed to maintain a strong bond even in extreme sterilization conditions, making them suitable for demanding environments. The use of rubber in autoclave tapes can provide an added layer of confidence in the sterilization process, ensuring that the tape remains intact throughout the cycle. With the ongoing emphasis on quality control in healthcare, the demand for rubber-based autoclave tape solutions is expected to grow as facilities seek reliable sterilization indicators.

Others:

The category of "Others" in material types refers to various innovative materials being explored for autoclave tape production. This includes biodegradable materials and composites that aim to provide enhanced performance while reducing environmental impact. The growing awareness of sustainability in the healthcare sector is driving interest in alternative materials that can fulfill the requirements of autoclave tape without compromising on functionality or safety. As research continues to evolve, this segment is likely to witness increased investment and development, opening up new opportunities in the autoclave tape market.

By Application

Hospitals:

Hospitals represent a significant application area for autoclave tape, given the critical need for sterilization in various medical procedures. Autoclave tape is widely used to seal surgical instrument packs and to indicate successful sterilization processes. The rising number of surgical procedures and the growing emphasis on patient safety have led hospitals to adopt stringent sterilization protocols, further driving demand for autoclave tape. As hospitals continue to expand their surgical capacity and improve infection control measures, the market for autoclave tape within this segment is expected to grow robustly.

Clinics:

Clinics also serve as a substantial application area for autoclave tape, particularly in dental and outpatient facilities. The need for effective sterilization in these settings is critical to prevent cross-contamination and ensure patient safety. Autoclave tape is commonly used for sterilizing dental tools and other medical instruments. The increased number of outpatient procedures and the growing awareness of infection control in clinics are crucial drivers for the demand for autoclave tape. As clinics continue to prioritize hygiene and adhere to best practices, the market for autoclave tape within this application area is expected to see steady growth.

Laboratories:

Laboratories, particularly those involved in research and diagnostics, require reliable sterilization processes to maintain a sterile environment. Autoclave tape plays a vital role in indicating whether items have been adequately sterilized, ensuring the integrity of experiments and tests. The growing emphasis on laboratory safety and compliance with regulatory standards drives demand for autoclave tape in this sector. As research initiatives expand and laboratory operations evolve, the market for autoclave tape within laboratories is projected to grow significantly, fueled by the increasing complexity of research methodologies.

Pharmaceutical Companies:

Pharmaceutical companies utilize autoclave tape as part of their stringent sterilization procedures, especially in the manufacturing and packaging of sterile products. The need for high levels of sterility in pharmaceutical production necessitates the use of reliable autoclave tape to confirm that sterilization processes are effective. As pharmaceutical companies face growing pressures to comply with regulatory standards and ensure product safety, the demand for autoclave tape is expected to rise. Furthermore, the expansion of the biopharmaceutical sector is likely to accelerate this demand, as these companies require rigorous sterilization practices to maintain product integrity.

Others:

The "Others" category in applications encompasses various industries and settings where sterilization practices are vital but may not fit neatly into the aforementioned categories. This may include veterinary clinics, specialty medical practices, and even educational institutions conducting medical research. As awareness of infection control spreads across different sectors, the use of autoclave tape in these varied applications is projected to grow. The adaptability of autoclave tape for diverse environments contributes to its overall market potential, encouraging innovative applications and utilization.

By End User

Medical Institutions:

Medical institutions, including hospitals and clinics, represent a primary end user of autoclave tape. The need for effective sterilization in procedures performed in these institutions drives significant demand for reliable autoclave tape solutions. Medical institutions prioritize infection control, making autoclave tape an essential component of their sterilization protocols. As these facilities continue to expand services and increase surgical volumes, the requirement for high-quality autoclave tape is expected to grow, ensuring that they meet stringent healthcare standards and maintain patient safety.

Research Institutes:

Research institutes are critical end users of autoclave tape as they focus on maintaining sterile environments for experiments and analyses. The requirement for sterilizing equipment and materials in laboratory settings necessitates the use of reliable autoclave tape to indicate successful sterilization. As research initiatives expand and the need for laboratory safety increases, research institutes are expected to continue investing in autoclave tape products. The alignment of autoclave tape with the broader goals of quality assurance in research environments drives its significance within this end-user category.

Pharmaceutical Companies:

Pharmaceutical companies are significant end users of autoclave tape, particularly in the production and packaging of sterile products. The rigorous sterilization processes required to ensure product safety and efficacy necessitate the use of high-quality autoclave tape. With increasing regulatory scrutiny and the continuous evolution of pharmaceutical manufacturing practices, the demand for reliable autoclave tape in this sector is projected to rise. As pharmaceutical companies increasingly prioritize quality control and compliance, the role of autoclave tape in their operations will continue to be vital.

Biotechnology Companies:

Biotechnology companies leverage autoclave tape as part of their sterilization protocols, particularly in the context of research and product development. The unique requirements of biotechnology processes often involve complex sterilization needs, making autoclave tape an essential tool for maintaining sterile conditions. As the biotechnology sector continues to grow and evolve, the reliance on effective sterilization practices will drive the demand for autoclave tape solutions. The focus on innovation and safety in biotechnology applications reinforces the significance of autoclave tape as a key component of their operational protocols.

Others:

The "Others" category for end user segments encompasses various organizations and entities that require sterilization processes but do not fall into the primary categories mentioned. This may include educational institutions, veterinary services, and specialty clinics. As awareness of infection control and sterilization practices grows across multiple industries, the demand for autoclave tape in these settings is expected to increase. The adaptability of autoclave tape for diverse applications further enhances its relevance in the overall market landscape.

By Region

The North American region represents a prominent market for autoclave tape, driven by the presence of advanced healthcare infrastructure and stringent regulatory requirements regarding sterilization practices. The United States, as a key player in this market, is expected to account for a significant share due to its extensive network of hospitals, clinics, and research facilities. Additionally, the growing emphasis on infection control and patient safety is propelling the demand for autoclave tape products in the region. The North American autoclave tape market is projected to witness a CAGR of approximately 5.2% during the forecast period, reflecting the ongoing focus on maintaining high standards of hygiene and sterilization across healthcare settings.

In Europe, the autoclave tape market is also experiencing robust growth, attributed to the increasing adoption of infection control measures in healthcare settings. Countries such as Germany, France, and the UK are leading the charge in implementing regulations that promote safe sterilization practices. The growing pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors in Europe further contribute to the demand for autoclave tape, as these industries prioritize rigorous sterilization protocols. With the ongoing investments in healthcare infrastructure and an increasing number of surgical procedures, the European market for autoclave tape is expected to grow steadily during the forecast period.

Opportunities

The autoclave tape market presents numerous opportunities for growth, particularly in emerging markets where healthcare infrastructure is expanding rapidly. As countries like India and Brazil continue to invest in their healthcare systems, the demand for reliable sterilization solutions, including autoclave tape, is expected to rise significantly. This presents an opportunity for manufacturers to penetrate these markets with tailored products that meet local regulations and requirements. Additionally, the increasing awareness of infection control and sterilization practices among healthcare professionals is likely to drive the adoption of autoclave tape in these regions. Collaborating with local distributors and healthcare providers could enhance market access and establish a foothold in these burgeoning markets.

Another opportunity lies in the innovation of new materials and technologies for autoclave tape production. As sustainability becomes a growing concern in the healthcare industry, manufacturers have the chance to develop biodegradable or environmentally friendly autoclave tape options. This aligns with global trends toward reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, advancements in adhesive technologies and indicator mechanisms can enhance the performance and reliability of autoclave tape, attracting more users across various applications. Companies that invest in research and development to create cutting-edge autoclave tape products are likely to capture significant market share and differentiate themselves in the competitive landscape.

Threats

The autoclave tape market faces several threats that could impact its growth trajectory, including the risk of substitutes and alternative sterilization methods. As new technologies emerge, such as vaporized hydrogen peroxide and ethylene oxide sterilization, the demand for traditional methods of sterilization, including autoclave tape, may decline. These alternative methods could offer enhanced efficiency and effectiveness, potentially leading to a shift in sterilization practices within healthcare settings. Companies operating in the autoclave tape market must remain vigilant and adapt to changing preferences to mitigate the threat posed by these emerging technologies.

Additionally, fluctuations in raw material prices could pose a significant restraining factor for the autoclave tape market. The production of autoclave tape relies on various materials, including crepe paper, plastic, and rubber. Any volatility in the prices of these raw materials could lead to increased production costs, affecting pricing strategies and profit margins. Companies may face challenges in maintaining competitive pricing while ensuring quality and reliability in their products. To navigate this potential restraining factor, manufacturers may need to explore alternative sourcing strategies or invest in more cost-effective production methods.

Competitor Outlook

• 3M Company
• Johnson & Johnson
• Cardinal Health
• Thermo Fisher Scientific
• Medline Industries, Inc.
• Jiangsu Yuyue Medical Equipment & Supply Co., Ltd.
• Andover Healthcare, Inc.
• Halyard Health, Inc.
• Pakages Medical Supplies
• Smith & Nephew plc
• Getinge AB
• B. Braun Melsungen AG
• VWR International, LLC
• Integra LifeSciences Holdings Corporation
• Angelini S.p.A.

The competitive landscape of the autoclave tape market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies, each aiming to capture market share through innovation and strategic positioning. Major companies such as 3M Company and Johnson & Johnson leverage their extensive experience and strong brand reputation to dominate the market. These companies focus on research and development to introduce advanced autoclave tape products that meet the evolving needs of healthcare professionals. Furthermore, their robust distribution networks enable them to reach a wide range of customers, positioning them favorably in the market.

Cardinal Health and Thermo Fisher Scientific are also key competitors in the autoclave tape market, offering a diverse range of sterile adhesive products including autoclave tape. These companies prioritize quality assurance and compliance with regulatory standards, ensuring that their products meet the rigorous demands of healthcare settings. As the market continues to expand, these companies are expected to invest in new technologies and product innovations to enhance their offerings. Their commitment to sustainability and environmentally friendly practices could further strengthen their competitive edge and appeal to health-conscious customers.

Emerging players such as Jiangsu Yuyue Medical Equipment & Supply Co., Ltd. and Andover Healthcare, Inc. are making their mark in the autoclave tape market by providing niche solutions and catering to specific regional demands. These companies often focus on cost-effective products that meet local market requirements while maintaining high standards of quality. Their agility and responsiveness to market trends allow them to capture opportunities in emerging markets, positioning them as formidable competitors to larger corporations. As the autoclave tape market continues to evolve, these companies will play a critical role in driving innovation and expanding product offerings.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 3M Company
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Getinge AB
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Angelini S.p.A.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Cardinal Health
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Johnson & Johnson
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Smith & Nephew plc
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Halyard Health, Inc.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 B. Braun Melsungen AG
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 over Healthcare, Inc.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 VWR International, LLC
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Medline Industries, Inc.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Pakages Medical Supplies
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Integra LifeSciences Holdings Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Jiangsu Yuyue Medical Equipment & Supply Co., Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Autoclave Tape Market, By Type
    • 6.1.1 Lead Free Autoclave Tape
    • 6.1.2 Indicator Autoclave Tape
    • 6.1.3 Chemical Autoclave Tape
    • 6.1.4 Steam Autoclave Tape
    • 6.1.5 Self-Adhesive Autoclave Tape
  • 6.2 Autoclave Tape Market, By End User
    • 6.2.1 Medical Institutions
    • 6.2.2 Research Institutes
    • 6.2.3 Pharmaceutical Companies
    • 6.2.4 Biotechnology Companies
    • 6.2.5 Others
  • 6.3 Autoclave Tape Market, By Material
    • 6.3.1 Crepe Paper
    • 6.3.2 Plastic
    • 6.3.3 Fabric
    • 6.3.4 Rubber
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Autoclave Tape Market, By Application
    • 6.4.1 Hospitals
    • 6.4.2 Clinics
    • 6.4.3 Laboratories
    • 6.4.4 Pharmaceutical Companies
    • 6.4.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Autoclave Tape Market by Region
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Autoclave Tape market is categorized based on

By Type

• Lead Free Autoclave Tape
• Indicator Autoclave Tape
• Chemical Autoclave Tape
• Steam Autoclave Tape
• Self-Adhesive Autoclave Tape

By Material

• Crepe Paper
• Plastic
• Fabric
• Rubber
• Others

By Application

• Hospitals
• Clinics
• Laboratories
• Pharmaceutical Companies
• Others

By End User

• Medical Institutions
• Research Institutes
• Pharmaceutical Companies
• Biotechnology Companies
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• 3M Company
• Johnson & Johnson
• Cardinal Health
• Thermo Fisher Scientific
• Medline Industries, Inc.
• Jiangsu Yuyue Medical Equipment & Supply Co., Ltd.
• over Healthcare, Inc.
• Halyard Health, Inc.
• Pakages Medical Supplies
• Smith & Nephew plc
• Getinge AB
• B. Braun Melsungen AG
• VWR International, LLC
• Integra LifeSciences Holdings Corporation
• Angelini S.p.A.