3 Mercaptopropionic Acid

3 Mercaptopropionic Acid Market Outlook

The global 3 mercaptopropionic acid market is poised to achieve remarkable growth, with a projected market size reaching USD 1.7 billion by 2035, reflecting a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. The increasing demand for 3 mercaptopropionic acid across various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food additives, and cosmetics, is driving this growth. Additionally, the rising trend of using this compound as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of diverse chemicals is propelling market expansion. Furthermore, heightened awareness of the benefits associated with 3 mercaptopropionic acid, such as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is contributing to its growing application in personal care products. The surge in research activities aimed at exploring new applications of 3 mercaptopropionic acid also plays a crucial role in the market dynamics, fostering innovation and diversification of product offerings.

Growth Factor of the Market

The growth of the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market is significantly influenced by various factors that align with current trends in consumer preferences and industrial advancements. One of the primary drivers is the heightened demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products, which has led to an increased focus on organic and natural ingredient types in formulations, particularly in cosmetics and food sectors. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical industry's ongoing expansion is catalyzing the need for 3 mercaptopropionic acid as a vital chemical intermediate in drug development, facilitating the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The rise in disposable incomes and changing lifestyles have also resulted in increased expenditure on personal care products, thereby driving the demand for high-quality cosmetic ingredients. Additionally, the growing prevalence of chronic diseases has led to a surge in healthcare spending, including pharmaceuticals, which underscores the relevance of 3 mercaptopropionic acid. Lastly, the advent of advanced manufacturing technologies is enhancing production efficiency and product availability, further stimulating market growth.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The market is projected to reach USD 1.7 billion by 2035.
• Projected CAGR of 6.5% from 2025 to 2035.
• Increasing applications in pharmaceuticals, food additives, and cosmetics.
• Growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly products.
• Heightened focus on research and development of new applications.

By Product Type

Liquid Form:

The liquid form of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is one of the most widely used types in the market due to its ease of handling and versatility in applications. Its liquid state allows for more straightforward incorporation into various formulations, making it a preferred choice for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The liquid form can be readily blended with other ingredients, enhancing the overall efficacy of products, especially in topical applications where absorption is critical. Additionally, the transport and storage of liquid 3 mercaptopropionic acid are more convenient compared to solid forms, leading to increased adoption in industrial applications. As the demand for liquid formulations continues to rise, this segment is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years.

Solid Form:

The solid form of 3 mercaptopropionic acid serves as a crucial variant in various industrial applications. Its stability and ease of storage make it an essential product for manufacturers who require consistent quality and performance. Solid forms can be utilized in the production of specialty chemicals and as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the solid state allows for precise measurements and dosing in formulations, particularly for food additives and dietary supplements. As industries seek products with longer shelf life and stability, the demand for solid forms of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is anticipated to grow steadily in the market.

Powder Form:

The powdered form of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is gaining traction due to its compatibility with a wide range of applications, particularly in the cosmetic and food sectors. This form is often preferred in formulations requiring dry ingredients, as it facilitates easier mixing and uniform distribution within products. The powder form is particularly valuable in the cosmetics industry, where it can be integrated into various beauty formulations, including face powders and foundations. Additionally, the ability to control particle size and blend powder 3 mercaptopropionic acid with other powder ingredients enhances the performance of the final product. As consumer preferences lean towards multi-functional cosmetics, the powdered form is expected to experience considerable growth.

Flake Form:

The flake form of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is less common but serves specialized applications within the chemical industry. Its unique structure allows for easy dissolution in solvents, making it suitable for applications requiring fast solubility. This form is often utilized in industrial processes where time efficiency is critical, such as the rapid production of certain chemicals. Moreover, flake forms are easier to transport and handle in bulk, which can lead to cost savings for manufacturers. As the demand for efficiency and speed in chemical production grows, the flake form may find a niche market within specific sectors.

Granular Form:

The granular form of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is particularly well-suited for applications that require specific granule size and distribution. This form is often used in agricultural applications, where it can be applied as a soil amendment or additive, enhancing soil quality and plant health. The granule size allows for controlled release and absorption, making it beneficial for slow-release formulations. Additionally, the granular form is easier to handle for bulk applications and can be formulated with other granular ingredients to create specialized blends. With the increasing focus on sustainable agriculture and soil health, the granular form of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is expected to see a rise in demand in the agricultural sector.

By Application

Chemical Intermediates:

3 mercaptopropionic acid plays a pivotal role as a chemical intermediate in the production of various chemicals, making it a critical component in many industrial processes. It is commonly used in the synthesis of thiol-containing compounds, which are essential for creating a range of products, including detergents, surfactants, and polymer additives. The versatility of 3 mercaptopropionic acid as a building block in chemical reactions ensures its steady demand in the chemical industry. As industries continue to develop new compounds and materials, the significance of 3 mercaptopropionic acid as a chemical intermediate is expected to grow, driving market expansion in this application segment.

Pharmaceuticals:

In the pharmaceutical industry, 3 mercaptopropionic acid is recognized for its potential therapeutic benefits and is often used as an active ingredient in various formulations. It has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it valuable in the development of treatments for chronic conditions. The increasing prevalence of diseases necessitates the ongoing advancement of pharmaceutical products, further exemplifying the importance of 3 mercaptopropionic acid in drug formulation. Furthermore, research into novel drug delivery systems utilizing 3 mercaptopropionic acid is on the rise, contributing to its attractiveness in pharmaceutical applications and bolstering market growth.

Food Additives:

As a food additive, 3 mercaptopropionic acid is utilized for its flavor-enhancing properties and ability to act as a preservative. Its role in improving the sensory attributes of food products is valued by manufacturers seeking to create distinctive flavors and aromas. With the growing consumer preference for quality and taste, food manufacturers are increasingly incorporating 3 mercaptopropionic acid into their formulations. Moreover, as the food industry continues to innovate with cleaner label products, the demand for effective and natural additives such as 3 mercaptopropionic acid is expected to rise, providing ample opportunities for market growth in this segment.

Cosmetics:

The cosmetics industry is experiencing a surge in the use of 3 mercaptopropionic acid due to its beneficial properties for skin health. It is incorporated in personal care products for its antioxidant, anti-aging, and moisturizing effects. The increasing consumer awareness of skincare ingredients has led to a preference for products that offer functional benefits, driving demand for formulations containing 3 mercaptopropionic acid. Furthermore, as the trend toward natural and sustainable beauty continues to grow, the inclusion of such ingredients in cosmetic products aligns with consumer values, solidifying its role in the cosmetics application segment.

Others:

In addition to the primary applications outlined above, 3 mercaptopropionic acid finds use in various other industries, including agriculture and materials science. Its applications in agriculture primarily involve soil amendments and plant health products, where it contributes to enhancing nutrient absorption and overall plant vitality. In materials science, it is used to modify polymer properties and improve material performance. The versatility of 3 mercaptopropionic acid allows it to be integrated into diverse applications, providing opportunities for continued market growth across various sectors outside the main categories.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales:

Direct sales remain a prevalent distribution channel for 3 mercaptopropionic acid, especially among manufacturers who prefer a streamlined approach to delivering their products to end-users. This method facilitates strong relationships between producers and buyers, allowing for tailored solutions and better service levels. Direct sales enable manufacturers to maintain quality control and ensure timely delivery, which is particularly important for industries with specific formulation needs such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. As industries increasingly seek reliability in supply chains, the direct sales channel is likely to sustain its prominence in the market.

Distributors:

Distributors play a crucial role in the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market by providing manufacturers with access to a broader customer base and enhancing market reach. These entities often stock a variety of product types, catering to diverse industrial applications. The expertise of distributors in managing logistics and inventory allows for efficient distribution of 3 mercaptopropionic acid across various regions. Moreover, distributors can offer valuable market insights and support to manufacturers, facilitating informed decisions regarding product positioning and marketing strategies. The reliance on distributors is expected to grow as manufacturers seek to optimize their supply chains and expand market presence.

Online Retail:

With the rise of e-commerce, online retail has emerged as an increasingly important distribution channel for 3 mercaptopropionic acid. This channel provides manufacturers with a platform to reach niche markets and cater to customers seeking convenience and accessibility. Online retail allows for direct interaction with consumers, enabling manufacturers to showcase product details, benefits, and applications effectively. Additionally, the ability to compare products and read reviews online enhances the purchasing experience for buyers. As e-commerce continues to transform the retail landscape, the online distribution channel for 3 mercaptopropionic acid is poised for substantial growth, particularly among smaller businesses and specialty manufacturers.

By Ingredient Type

Organic:

The organic segment of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is gaining momentum as consumers increasingly prioritize natural ingredients in their products. Organic 3 mercaptopropionic acid is often sought after in personal care and food applications, where consumers demand transparency and sustainability. Products that include organic ingredients are perceived to be safer and more environmentally friendly, driving their popularity. As manufacturers adapt to evolving consumer preferences, the organic segment is anticipated to expand significantly, with companies focusing on sourcing high-quality organic ingredients to meet market demand.

Inorganic:

Inorganic 3 mercaptopropionic acid is utilized primarily in industrial applications where specific chemical properties are required. Its functional characteristics make it suitable for use in the synthesis of various chemicals and as a catalyst in reactions. The inorganic segment is essential for industries that seek consistency and reliability in their formulations. As manufacturers continue to innovate and expand their product offerings, the demand for inorganic 3 mercaptopropionic acid is expected to persist, driven by its critical role in chemical processes.

Synthetic:

Synthetic 3 mercaptopropionic acid is widely used due to its cost-effectiveness and availability. It is produced through chemical processes that ensure high purity and quality, making it suitable for numerous applications across different sectors. The synthetic segment is prevalent in pharmaceuticals, where precise formulations are crucial for efficacy and safety. Due to its versatility and adaptability, the synthetic form of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is likely to maintain a strong presence in the market as manufacturers continue to rely on its properties for diverse applications.

Natural:

The natural segment of 3 mercaptopropionic acid is experiencing growth as consumers increasingly seek products derived from natural sources. This shift is particularly apparent in the cosmetics and food industries, where natural ingredients are favored for their perceived health benefits. The demand for natural products is driven by a growing awareness of the impact of synthetic chemicals on health and the environment. As a result, manufacturers are exploring sourcing options for natural 3 mercaptopropionic acid to align with consumer preferences, fueling growth in this segment.

Semi-Synthetic:

Semi-synthetic 3 mercaptopropionic acid combines the benefits of both synthetic and natural sources, offering a versatile solution for various applications. This segment appeals to manufacturers seeking to balance performance and sustainability, making it suitable for industries like pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The semi-synthetic form allows for customization of properties, making it adaptable to specific formulations. As the market prioritizes sustainable solutions, the semi-synthetic segment is projected to gain traction and offer unique opportunities for product development.

By Region

The North American region is expected to dominate the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market, accounting for approximately 35% of the global market share by 2035. The robust pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries in the United States and Canada are significant contributors to this dominance, with continuous innovation and product development driving demand for 3 mercaptopropionic acid. The region's regulatory environment, which supports the use of advanced chemical intermediates, also further enhances the market prospects. Additionally, the increasing focus on sustainable products among consumers is likely to drive manufacturers in this region to explore environmentally-friendly options, thereby boosting the market for organic and natural variants of 3 mercaptopropionic acid.

In Europe, the market for 3 mercaptopropionic acid is anticipated to grow steadily, driven by the demand for high-quality cosmetic ingredients and food additives. The region is expected to capture around 30% of the global market share by 2035, with a CAGR of 6.0% during the forecast period. Countries like Germany, France, and the UK are at the forefront of adopting innovative formulations containing 3 mercaptopropionic acid, particularly in personal care products. The European market is increasingly gravitating towards natural and organic ingredients, a trend that aligns with consumer preferences, thus presenting growth opportunities for manufacturers focused on this segment.

Opportunities

The 3 mercaptopropionic acid market presents a myriad of opportunities for manufacturers who are willing to innovate and adapt to the changing landscape of consumer preferences. One of the most significant opportunities lies in the development of sustainable and natural product formulations. As consumers increasingly seek eco-friendly options, manufacturers that invest in sourcing organic and natural variants of 3 mercaptopropionic acid are likely to capture a larger share of the market. Furthermore, expanding research and development efforts to explore new applications and formulations will enable companies to diversify their product lines and cater to emerging trends in health and wellness. This proactive approach not only bolsters competitiveness but also enhances brand loyalty among consumers who prioritize sustainability and transparency.

Another compelling opportunity in the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market is the rising demand for customized formulations tailored to specific industry requirements. As sectors such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics continue to evolve, there is a growing need for specialized ingredients that meet unique performance criteria. Manufacturers who can develop advanced formulations that harness the properties of 3 mercaptopropionic acid while addressing specific customer needs will likely gain a competitive edge. Additionally, leveraging digital marketing and e-commerce platforms to reach niche markets can enhance distribution strategies, allowing manufacturers to connect with consumers directly and drive sales growth, especially in the context of the ongoing shift towards online purchasing.

Threats

One of the primary threats facing the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market is the volatility in raw material prices, which can significantly impact production costs. Fluctuations in the supply chain, driven by geopolitical tensions and natural disasters, can lead to price increases that affect manufacturers' profitability. Additionally, the growing trend toward regulation and legislation pertaining to chemical usage in various industries poses a challenge. Stricter regulations regarding the use of certain chemicals in cosmetics and food products could limit the applications of 3 mercaptopropionic acid, thereby impacting market growth. Manufacturers must stay informed of regulatory changes and adapt their practices accordingly to mitigate these threats and navigate the complexities of compliance in diverse markets.

Moreover, competition from alternative ingredients is a notable challenge in the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market. As the demand for sustainable and natural products rises, other compounds may emerge as viable substitutes, threatening market share. Manufacturers need to continuously innovate and improve the efficacy and safety of 3 mercaptopropionic acid to maintain its relevance in various applications. Additionally, the entry of new players into the market could intensify competition, leading to pricing pressures and reduced margins. As such, established manufacturers must focus on building strong brand loyalty and differentiating their products to withstand competitive pressures effectively.

Competitor Outlook

• Merck KGaA
• DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
• BASF SE
• SABIC
• Eastman Chemical Company
• Huntsman Corporation
• Lonza Group AG
• Alfa Aesar
• Acros Organics
• Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
• FMC Corporation
• VWR International, LLC
• Sigma-Aldrich
• Wacker Chemie AG
• Evonik Industries AG

The competitive landscape of the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market is characterized by the presence of several prominent players, each striving to strengthen their market position through innovation and strategic partnerships. Leading companies are investing in research and development to enhance the quality and efficacy of their products, thereby meeting the evolving needs of consumers across various industries. The emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendliness has led many manufacturers to explore organic and natural ingredient sources, aligning their product offerings with consumer preferences and industry trends. Additionally, companies are leveraging advanced manufacturing technologies to improve production efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure consistent product quality, further enhancing their competitive advantage.

Key players, such as Merck KGaA and DuPont de Nemours, Inc., are at the forefront of innovation in the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market. Merck KGaA focuses on expanding its portfolio of specialty chemicals, promoting the use of 3 mercaptopropionic acid in various applications within pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. DuPont, known for its commitment to sustainability, is actively working on developing eco-friendly alternatives and formulations that incorporate 3 mercaptopropionic acid. These companies are continually seeking partnerships and collaborations to broaden their market reach and explore new applications for their products.

Additionally, BASF SE and SABIC are leading players in the chemical industry with a strong presence in the 3 mercaptopropionic acid market. BASF SE is dedicated to advancing its product offerings through extensive research initiatives and is focused on developing applications that align with regulatory standards. SABIC, on the other hand, is known for its diverse product range and aims to provide customized solutions to meet the specific needs of its customers. Their strategic approaches to innovation and sustainability position them favorably in the competitive landscape, allowing them to capture a significant share of the growing market for 3 mercaptopropionic acid.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 SABIC
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 BASF SE
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Alfa Aesar
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Merck KGaA
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Sigma-Aldrich
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Acros Organics
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Lonza Group AG
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 FMC Corporation
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Wacker Chemie AG
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Evonik Industries AG
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Huntsman Corporation
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 VWR International, LLC
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Eastman Chemical Company
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 3 Mercaptopropionic Acid Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Chemical Intermediates
    • 6.1.2 Pharmaceuticals
    • 6.1.3 Food Additives
    • 6.1.4 Cosmetics
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 3 Mercaptopropionic Acid Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Liquid Form
    • 6.2.2 Solid Form
    • 6.2.3 Powder Form
    • 6.2.4 Flake Form
    • 6.2.5 Granular Form
  • 6.3 3 Mercaptopropionic Acid Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Organic
    • 6.3.2 Inorganic
    • 6.3.3 Synthetic
    • 6.3.4 Natural
    • 6.3.5 Semi-Synthetic
  • 6.4 3 Mercaptopropionic Acid Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.2 Distributors
    • 6.4.3 Online Retail

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 3 Mercaptopropionic Acid Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global 3 Mercaptopropionic Acid market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Liquid Form
• Solid Form
• Powder Form
• Flake Form
• Granular Form

By Application

• Chemical Intermediates
• Pharmaceuticals
• Food Additives
• Cosmetics
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Distributors
• Online Retail

By Ingredient Type

• Organic
• Inorganic
• Synthetic
• Natural
• Semi-Synthetic

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Merck KGaA
• DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
• BASF SE
• SABIC
• Eastman Chemical Company
• Huntsman Corporation
• Lonza Group AG
• Alfa Aesar
• Acros Organics
• Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
• FMC Corporation
• VWR International, LLC
• Sigma-Aldrich
• Wacker Chemie AG
• Evonik Industries AG